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Chapter 9
Development
51
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
05/05/2010

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Term
Developmental psychology
Definition
The branch of psychology that studies the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life.
Term
Nature-nurture issue
Definition
the issue of the degree to which environment and heredity influence behavior.
Term
Identical twins
Definition
Twins who are genetically identical
Term
Cross-sectional research
Definition
A research method that compares people of different ages at the same point in time.
Term
Longitudinal research
Definition
A research method that investigates behavior as participants age.
Term
Sequential research
Definition
A research method that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal research by considering a number of different age groups and examining them at several points in time
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
Rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information
Term
Genes
Definition
The parts of the chromosomes through which genetic information is transmitted
Term
Zygote
Definition
The new cell formed by the union of an egg and sperm.
Term
Embryo
Definition
A developed zygote that has a heart, brain, and other organs.
Term
Fetus
Definition
A developing individual, from eight weeks after conception until birth
Term
Age of viability
Definition
The point at which a fetus survive if born prematurely, prenatal age 22 weeks.
Term
Neonate
Definition
A newborn child.
Term
Reflexes
Definition
Unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli.
Term
Habituation
Definition
The decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentation of the same stimulus.
Term
Attachment
Definition
The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a specific individual.
Term
Authoritarian parents
Definition
Parents who are rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience from their children.
Term
Permissive parents
Definition
Parents who give their children relaxed or inconsistent direction and, although they are warm, require little of them.
Term
Authoritative parents
Definition
Parents who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their children, and explain things to them.
Term
Uninvolved parents
Definition
Parents who show little interest in their children and are emotionally detached.
Term
Temperament
Definition
Basic, innate disposition.
Term
Psychosocial development
Definition
Development of individuals' interactions and inderstanding of each other and of their knowledge and understanding of themselves as members of society.
Term
Trust-versus-mistrust stage
Definition
According to Erikson, the first stage of psychosocial development, occurring from birth to ago 1 1/2 years, during which time infants develop feelings of trust or lack of trust.
Term
Autonomy vs shame and doubt stage
Definition
The period during which, according to Erikson, toddlers (ages 1 1/2 to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if exploration and freedom are encouraged, or shame and self-doubt if thy are restricted and overprotected.
Term
Initiative vs guilt stage
Definition
According to Erikson, the period during which children ages 3 to 6 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action.
Term
Industry vs inferiority stage
Definition
According to Erikson, the last stage of childhood, during which children ages 6 to 12 years may develop positive social interactions with others or may feel inadequate and become less sociable.
Term
Cognitive development
Definition
The process by which a child's understanding of the world changes as a function of age and experience.
Term
Sensorimotor stage
Definition
According to Piaget, the stage from birth to 2 years, during which a child has little competence in representing the environment by using images, language, or other symbols.
Term
Object permanence
Definition
The awareness that objects and people continue to exist even if they are out of sight.
Term
Preoperational stage
Definition
According to Piaget, the period from 2 to 7 years of age that is characterized by language development.
Term
Egocentric thought
Definition
A way of thinking in which a child vies the world entirely from his or her own perspective.
Term
Principle of conservation
Definition
The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects.
Term
Concrete operational stage
Definition
According to Piaget, the period from 7 to 12 years of age that is characterized by logical thought and a loss of egocentrism.
Term
Formal operational stage
Definition
According to Piaget, the period from age 12 to adulthood that is characterized by abstract thought.
Term
Information processing
Definition
The way in which people take in use, and store information.
Term
Metacognition
Definition
An awareness and understanding of one's own cognitive processes.
Term
Adolescence
Definition
he developmental stage between childhood and adulthood.
Term
Puberty
Definition
The period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs, beginning about age 11 or 12 for girls and 13 or 14 for boys.
Term
Identity vs role confusion stage
Definition
According to Erikson, a time in adolescence of major testing to determine one's unique qualities
Term
Identity
Definition
The distinguishing character of the individual: who each of us is, what our roles are, and what we are capable of.
Term
Intimacy vs isolation stage
Definition
According to Erikson, a period during early adulthood that focuses on developing close relationships.
Term
Generativity vs stagnation stage
Definition
According to Erikson, a period in middle adulthood during which we take stock of our contributions to family and society.
Term
Ego-integrity vs despair stage
Definition
According to Erikson, a period from late adulthood until death during which we review life's accomplishments and failures.
Term
Menopause
Definition
The period during which women stop menstruating and are no longer fertile.
Term
Genetic preprogramming theories of aging
Definition
Theories that suggest that human cells have a build-in-time limit to their reproduction, and that after a certain time they are no longer able to divide.
Term
Wear-and-tear theories of aging
Definition
Theories that suggest that the mechanical functions of the body simply stop working efficiently.
Term
Alzheimer's disease
Definition
A progressive brain disorder that leads to gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities.
Term
Disengagement theory of aging
Definition
A theory that suggests that aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels.
Term
Activity theory of aging
Definition
A theory that suggests that the elderly who are most successful whole aging are those who maintain the interests and activities they had during middle age.
Term
Life review
Definition
The process by which people examine and evaluate their lives.
Term
Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
Definition
According to Vygotsky,the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task on his or her own.
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