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| A set of complex hierarchical departments, agencies, commissions, and their staffs that exist to help a chief executive officer carry out his or her duties. |
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| The firing of public-office holders of a defeated political party and their replacement with loyalists of the newly elected party. |
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| Jobs, grants, or other special favors that are given as rewards to friends and political allies for their support. |
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| Reform measure that created the Civil Service Commission to administer a partial merit system. |
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| The system created by civil service laws by which many appointments to the federal bureaucracy are made. |
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| The system by which federal civil service jobs are classified into grades or levels, to which appointments are made on the basis of performance on competitive examinations. |
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| Independent Regulatory Commission |
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Definition
| An agency created by Congress that is generally concerned with a specific aspect of the economy. |
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| Law enacted in 1939 to prohibit civil servants from taking activist roles in partisan campaigns. |
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| Federal Employees Political Activities Act |
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| 1993 liberalization of the Hatch Act. |
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| Major administrative units with responsibility for a broad area of government operations. |
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| Businesses established by Congress that perform functions that could be provided by private businesses. |
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| Independent Executive Agencies |
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Definition
| Governmental units that closely resemble a Cabinet department but have a narrower area of responsibility and are not part of any Cabinet department. |
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| The process by which a law or policy is put into operation by the bureaucracy. |
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| The relatively stable relationships and patterns of interaction that occur among an agency, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees. |
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| The loose and informal relationships that exist among a large number of actors who work in borad policy areas. |
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| Working groups created to facilitate coordination of policy making and implementation across a host of governmental agencies. |
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| Administrative Discretion |
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Definition
| The ability of bureaucrats to make choices concerning the best way to implement congressional intentions. |
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| The quasi-legislative administrative process that has the characteristics of a legislative act. |
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| Rules that govern the operation of a particular government program that have the force of law. |
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| Administrative Adjudication |
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| A quasi-judicial process in which a bureaucratic agency settles disputes between two parties in a manner similar to the way courts resolve disputes. |
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Definition
| Rules of regulations issued by the president that have the effect of law. |
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