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Definition
| a study where a number of people of different ages are assessed at one point in time, and differences are noted. |
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| nature is an individual's biological inheritance, especially genes. nurture is someone's environmental and social experiences. |
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| agent that causes birth defects |
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Definition
| an individual's adjustment of his or her schemas to new information |
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Term
| the four stages of development (Piaget) |
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Definition
1. sensorimotor stage (birth-2)
2. preoperational stage (2-7 years)
3. concrete operational stage (7-11 years)
4. formal operational stage (11 years on) |
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Definition
| infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions |
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Definition
| thought becomes more symbolic than sensorimotor thought |
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| concrete operational stage |
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Definition
| individual uses operations and replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations |
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Definition
| an individual thinks about things that are not concrete, makes predictions, uses logic to think about the future |
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Term
| Attachment (wire monkey, fur monkey) |
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Definition
| proves that contact comfort, not feeding, is crucial to an infant's attachment to its caregiver |
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Term
| What are the four parenting styles? |
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Definition
1. authoritarian parenting
2. authoritative parenting
3. neglectful parenting
4. permissive parenting |
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Definition
| strict rules but no love along with the parenting |
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| love and strictness, the best parenting style |
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Definition
| neither love nor strict rules, the worst parenting style |
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Term
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Definition
| the crucial accomplishment of understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched |
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Definition
| a belief in the permanence of certain attributes of objects despite superficial changes (small fat cup, skinny tall cup) |
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| Lev Vygotski's assumption |
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Definition
| goal of cognitive development is to learn the skills that will allow the child to be competent in their culture |
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Definition
| caregivers leave infants alone with stranger and then return. Child's response used to classify them into one of three attachment styles |
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Term
| what are the three attachment styles |
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Definition
1. secure attachment
2. avoidant
3. anxious |
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Definition
| infant doesn't notice the mother is gone |
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Term
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Definition
| infant responds with distress, gets mad at caregiver when they return |
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Definition
| the way that infants use their caregiver, usually their mother as a secure base to explore the environment |
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Term
| Erikson's general theory about socioemotional development |
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Definition
| Erikson viewed socioemotional development as a lifelong process, made up of 8 stages |
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Term
| Stage 1: Trust Versus Mistrust |
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Definition
-Birth to 1.5 years
-A sense of trust
-requires a feeling of physical comfort and minimal fear about the future
-needs are met by responsive, sensitive caregivers |
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Term
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Definition
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| Stage 2: Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt |
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Definition
-1.5-3 years
-infants discover they have a will of their own
-assert sense of independence
-if punished excessively, develops sense of shame and doubt |
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Term
| Stage 3: Initiative Versus Guilt |
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Definition
-3-5 years
-children asked to assume more responsibility
-guilt feelings may arise if child is irresponsible |
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Term
| Stage 4: Industry Versus Inferiority |
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Definition
-6 years-puberty
-enthusiastic
-direct energy toward mastering knowledge
-might feel incompetent and unproductive |
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Term
| Stage 5: Identity versus Identity Confusion |
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Definition
-10-20 years
-faced with finding out who you are
-exploration of alternative solutions to roles
-career exploration is important |
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Term
| Stage 6: Intimacy Versus Isolation |
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Definition
-20s and 30s
-forging intimate relationships with others |
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Term
| Stage 7: Generativity Versus Stagnation |
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Definition
-40s, 50s
-chief concern is to assist younger generation in developing and leading useful lives |
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Term
| Stage 8: Integrity Versus Despair |
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Definition
-60s onward
-look back and evaluate what they have done with their lives
-can be either positive (integrity) or negative (despair) |
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Term
| What mistakes will a child make if they don’t have object permanence |
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Definition
| -think an object disappears because it is not in sight |
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Definition
| "The world revolves around child" |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding |
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Term
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Definition
1.trust versus mistrust
2. Autonomy versus shame and doubt
3. initiative versus guilt
4. industry versus inferiority |
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Term
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Definition
| ego pushes unacceptable impulses out of awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| ego replaces a less acceptable motive with a more acceptable one |
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Definition
| ego shifts feelings toward an unacceptable object to another, more acceptable object |
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Definition
| ego replaces an unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one |
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Definition
| ego attributes personal shortcomings, problems and faults to others |
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Definition
| ego transforms an unacceptable motive into its opposite |
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Definition
| ego refuses to acknowledge anxiety-producing realities |
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Definition
| ego seeks security of an earlier developmental period in the face of stress |
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Definition
openness
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism |
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Term
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Definition
-imaginative or practical
-interested in variety or routine
-independent or conforming |
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Term
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Definition
-organized or disorganized
-careful or careless
-disciplined or impulsive |
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Definition
-sociable or retiring
-fun-loving or somber
-energetic or reserved |
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Definition
-softhearted or ruthless
-trusting or suspicious
-helpful or uncooperative |
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Definition
-calm or anxious
-secure or insecure
-self-satisfied or self-pitying |
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Term
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Definition
| functions in the experience of reward |
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Term
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Definition
| higher levels mean positive mood, lower levels mean more negative mood |
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Definition
| individuals say what they think will make them look better to the group |
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Definition
| a method of measuring personality characteristics that directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality traits |
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Definition
excessively competitive
hard-driven
hostile |
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Definition
| Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality |
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Definition
| the freudian structure of personality consisting of unconscious drives; sexual energy (devil guy) |
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Definition
| the freudian structure of personality that serves as the harsh internal judge of our behavior; our conscience |
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Term
| Eysenk's Reticular Activation System theory |
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Definition
| Extraverts and introverts have different base-line levels of arousal |
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Term
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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Definition
| a projective test that is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality |
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Term
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Definition
| when a particular psychosexual stage colors an individual's adult personality. |
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Term
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Definition
| receives from mouth stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| loves pooping and anal stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| loves masturbation and genital stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to accept certain vague or worthless information as true, such as character assessments, horoscopes, or exaggerated claims |
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Term
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Definition
| a personality assessment test that presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to project their own meaning onto the stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| A standardized test is any form of test that requires all test takers to answer the same questions in the same way |
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