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| necessary and proper clause |
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| aka clastic clause; Article I Section 8 of the constitution that is the source of "implied powers" for the national governments |
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| a law that punishes an individual and by passes the procedural safeguards of th legal processprohibited by the constitition |
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| a law that makes an act a crime after it was committed or increases the punishement for a crime already committed both prohibited by the constitution |
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| the system od seperate institutions sharing some powers that the Constitution mandates for the national government whose purpose is to kepp power divided among the 3 branches: legislative, executive, and judicial |
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| ratified in 1913, it provides for the direct popular elections of the united States senators |
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| the concept that legislators should vote on the basis of their consciences and the broad interests of the nation and not simply on the views of their constitutions |
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| a concept of legislative work as simply voting the desires of one's constitutions, regarldess of one's own personal views |
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| a manner of representation in which memebers of Congress attempt to strike a balance between the interests of their constituets and the dictates of their oown judgement and conscience |
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| a congressional benefit that permits members to send out official mail using their signiture rather than postage |
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| a person who intervenes with the bureaucracy on behalf of individual citizens |
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| the congressional task of handling requests by constituets for information of or assistance with the federal bureaucracy |
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| reciprocity (or logrolling) |
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| a prctice whereby two or more members of Congress exchange support for legislation important to each other |
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| the unwritten rules of acceptable behavior in Congress |
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| the presiding officer of the House of Representatives, selected by the majority |
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| Powerful house committee that clears most important bills for floor consideration and decides the rule under which bills should be considered and , also, the committee of a party convention that recommends changes in the way a party conducts its affairs |
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| leader and chief spokesperson for the majority party in the house |
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| leader and chief spokesperson for the minorty party in the house |
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| member of each party's leadership responsible for party disciplie and attendace for key votes |
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| the republican leadership committee in the House |
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| the republication leadership committee in the House |
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