Term
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Definition
| A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. |
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Definition
| a catabolic pathway that cosumes oxygen and organic molecules, producing ATP. most efficient catabolic pathway. |
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Term
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Definition
| the catabolic pathways or aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules for the production of ATP. |
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Definition
| a chemical reaction involving the complete or pratial transfer or one or more electrions from one reactant to another. |
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Definition
| the loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction |
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Definition
| the addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reduction. |
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Definition
| the electron donor in a redox reduction |
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Definition
| the electron acceptor in a redox reduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| a coenzyme that can accept an electron and acts as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| a sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that relase energy used to make ATP. |
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Definition
| the splitting of glucose into pyruvate. |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical cycle involving 8 steps that complete the metabolic breakdown of glucose molevules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing pyruvate to carbon dioxide |
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Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| the production of ATP using energy derived fro mthe redox reactions of an electron transport chain. |
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Term
| substrate-level phosphorylation |
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Definition
| the formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| an iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| a complex of several membrane proteins that provide a port through which protons diffuse |
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Definition
| an energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cullular work, such as ATP synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| the potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. |
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Term
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Definition
| glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to icitate with no release of carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that makes atp by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation of oxygen is not present |
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Term
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Definition
| a metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to a 2-carbon fragment that enters the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA. |
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Term
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Definition
| the transmission of traits from one generation to the next. |
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Definition
| differences between members of the same species. |
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Definition
| the scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation. |
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Term
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Definition
| a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in dna |
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Definition
| a haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. |
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Definition
| a specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located. |
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Term
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Definition
| the generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs wihtout the fusion of gametes. In most cases, the offspring are genetically identical to the paretn. |
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Term
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Definition
| a lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the parents. |
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Definition
| any cell in a multicellular organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| a display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape. |
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Term
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Definition
| a pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position and staining pattern that possesses genes for the same charachters at corresponding loci. |
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Definition
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Definition
| a chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell containing 2 sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent. |
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Definition
| chromosome responisble for determining the sex of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| the union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote. |
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Term
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Definition
| the diploid product of the union of haploid gametes during fertilization, fertilized egg. |
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Term
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Definition
| a modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms, 2 rounds of cell division. Results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell. |
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Term
| alternation of generations |
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Definition
| a life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid from the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form. |
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Term
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Definition
| in organisms, that have alt. of gen. the multicellular diploid form that results from the union of gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| in organisms that have alt. of gen. the multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| the pairing and physical connection of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| the reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase 1 of meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| the x-shaped, microscopically visible region where homologous sister chromatids have exchanged genetic material thorugh crossingover during meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| a chromosome creatd when crossing over combines the dna from 2 parents into a single chromosome. |
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