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Chapter 9 Vocab
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
16
Biology
12th Grade
01/21/2006

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Term
Aerobic Respiration
Definition
Harvesting chemical energy in the form of ATP from food molecules with oxygen as the final electron acceptor.
Term
ATP Synthase
Definition
PROTON COMPLEX THAT PRODUCES ATP
A cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial cristae (and bacterial plasma membrane) that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen-ion concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitrochondrion.
Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.
Term
Chemiosmosis
Definition
Ability of certain membranes to use chemical energy to pump H ions & harness E stored in H+ gradient to drive cellular work including ATP synthesis.
Term
Cytochromes
Definition
An iron-containing protein, a component of electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Term
Electron Transport Chain
Definition
Group of molecules in the inner membrane of the mitochondria that synthesize ATP by means of exergonic slide of e-, thylokoid membranes of chloroplasts are also equiped with e- transport chains.
Term
Fermentation
Definition
A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end-product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the one metabolic pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration.
Term
Oxidation
Definition
The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.
Term
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Definition
The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.
Term
Proton-Motive Force
Definition
The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis.
Term
Redox Reactions
Definition
A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.
Term
Reducing Agent
Definition
The electron donor in a redox reaction.
Term
Oxidizing Agent
Definition
The electron acceptor in a redox reaction.
Term
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Definition
Pyrovate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as waste product with no release in CO2. Occurs in human muscle cells with O2 is scarce.
Term
Alcohol Fermentation
Definition
Pyruvate is converted to ethyl alcohol in two steps IN THE ABSENSE of OXYGEN
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