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Chapter 9 The Blood & Lymphatic Systems
Evangel University, Dr. Tenneson, start back on pg 334-342, 353-358
96
Medical
Undergraduate 3
02/08/2012

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Term
agglutination
Definition
clumping of cells as a result of interaction with specific antibodies called agglutinins. agglutinins are used in blood typing and in identifying or estimating the strength of immunoglobulins or immune serums

ah-gloo-tih-NAY-shun
Term
albumin
Definition
a plasma protein. various albumins are found in practically all animal tissues and in many plant tissues. in blood, albumin helps maintain blood volume and blood pressure.

al-BEW-min
Term
allergen
Definition
a substance that can produce a hypersensitive reaction in the body

AL-er-jin
Term
allergy
Definition
a hypersensitive reaction to normally harmless antigens, most of which are environmental

AL-er-jee
Term
anaphylaxis
Definition
an exaggerated, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction to a previously encountered antigen

an-ah-fih-LAK-sis
Term
anisocytosis
Definition
an abnormal condition of the blood characterized by red blood cells of variable and abnormal size

an-ih-sih-sigh-TOH-sis
Term
antibodies
Definition
substances produced by the body in response to bacteria, viruses, or other foreign substances. each class of antibody is named for its action.

AN-tih-bod-eez
Term
antigens
Definition
a substance, usually a protein, that causes the formation of an antibody and reacts specifically with that antibody

AN-tih-jenz
Term
ascites
Definition
an abnormal intraperitoneal (within the peritoneal cavity) accumulation of a fluid containing large amounts of protein and electrolytes

ah-SIGH-teez
Term
basophil
Definition
a granulocytic white blood cell characterized by cytoplasmic granules that stain blue when exposed to a basic dye. basophils represent 1% or less of the total white blood cell count

BAY-soh-fill
Term
bilirubin
Definition
the orange-yellow pigment of bile formed principally by the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells after termination of their normal life span

bill-ih-ROO-bin
Term
coagulation
Definition
the process of transforming a liquid into a solid, especially of the blood

koh-ag-yoo-LAY-shun
Term
corpuscle
Definition
any cell of the body; a red or white blood cell

KOR-pus-ehl
Term
differentiation
Definition
a process in development in which unspecialized cells or tissues are systemically modified and altered to achieve specific and characteristic physical forms, physiologic functions, and chemical properties

diff-er-en-she-AY-shun
Term
dyscrasia
Definition
an abnormal condition of the blood or bone marrow, such as leukemia, aplastic anemia, or prenatal Rh incompatibility.

dis-KRAY-zee-ah
Term
edema
Definition
the abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues
Term
electrophoresis
Definition
pg 324
Term
enzyme
Definition
pg 324
Term
eosinophil
Definition
a granulocytic, bilobed leukocyte somewhat larger than a neutrophil. characterized by large numbers of coarse, refractile, cytoplasmic granules that stain with the acid dye eosin. tend to respond to allergic reactions

ee-oh-SIN-oh-fill
Term
erythremia
Definition
an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells

ehr-rih-THREE-mee-ah
Term
erythroblast
Definition
an immature red blood cell

eh-RITH-roh-blast
Term
erythrocyte
Definition
a mature red blood cell

eh-RITH-roh-sight
Term
erythropoiesis
Definition
process of red blood cell production

eh-rith-roh-poy-EE-sis
Term
erythropoietin
Definition
a hormone synthesized mainly in the kidneys and released into the bloodstream in response to anoxia (lack of oxygen). the hormone acts to stimulate and regulate the production of erythrocytes and is thus able to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

eh-rith-roh-POY-eh-tin
Term
fibrin
Definition
a stringy, insoluble protein that is the substance of a blood clot
Term
fibrinogen
Definition
a plasma protein converted into fibrin by thrombin in the presence of calcium ions
Term
globin
Definition
a group of four globulin protein molecules that become bound by the iron in heme molecules to form hemoglobin
Term
globulin
Definition
a plasma protein made in the liver. globulin helps in the synthesis of antibodies
Term
granulocyte
Definition
a type of leukocyte characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic granules
Term
hematologist
Definition
a medical specialist in the field of hematology
Term
hematology
Definition
the scientific study of blood and blood-forming tissues
Term
heme
Definition
the pigmented, iron-containing, nonprotein portion of the hemoglobin molecule. heme binds with and carries oxygen in the RBC, releasing it to tissues that give off excess amounts of carbon dioxide
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
a complex protein-iron compound in the blood that carries oxygen to the cells from the lungs and carbon dioxide away from the cells to the lungs
Term
hemolysis
Definition
the breakdown of RBC and the release of hemoglobin that occurs normally at the end of the life span of a RBC

hee-MALL-ih-sis
Term
hemorrhage
Definition
a lass of a large amount of blood in a short period of time, either externally or internally. hemorrhage may be arterial, venous, or capillary.

HEM-eh-rij
Term
hemostasis
Definition
the termination of bleeding by mechanical or chemical means or by the complex coagulation process of the body, consisting of vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, and thrombin and fibrin synthesis
Term
heparin
Definition
a naturally occurring anticlotting factor present in the body
Term
hyperalbuminemia
Definition
an increased level of albumin in the blood
Term
hyperbilirubinemia
Definition
greater than normal amounts of the bile pigment, bilirubin, in the blood
Term
hyperlipemia
Definition
an excessive level of blood fats, usually caused by lipoprotein lipase deficiency or a defect in the conversion of LDL to HDL; also called hyperlipidemia
Term
hyperlipidemia
Definition
see hyperlipemia
Term
ion
Definition
an electrically charged particle
Term
leukocyte
Definition
a white blood cell, one of the formed elements of the circulating blood system
Term
leukocytopenia
Definition
an abnormal decrease in number of white blood cells to fewer than 5,000 cells per cubic millimeter

loo-koh-sigh-toh-PEE-nee-ah
Term
megakaryocyte
Definition
an extremely large bone marrow cell
Term
monocyte
Definition
a large mononuclear leukocyte
Term
myeloid
Definition
of or pertaining to the bone marrow or the spinal cord
Term
neutrophil
Definition
a polymorphonuclear (multilobed nucleus) granular leukocyte that stains easily with neutral dyes
Term
pancytopenia
Definition
a marked reduction in the number of the RBC, WBC, and platelets
Term
pica
Definition
a craving to eat unusual substances (non-food substances) including but not limited to things such as clay, dirt, starch, chalk, glue, ice, and hair. this appetite disorder occurs with some nutritional deficiency states such as iron deficiency anemia. it may also occur in pregnancy
Term
plasma
Definition
the watery, straw-colored, fluid portion of the lymph and the blood in which the leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets are suspended
Term
platelet
Definition
a clotting cell, a thrombocyte
Term
prothrombin
Definition
a plasma protein precursor of thrombin. it is synthesized in the liver if adequate vitamin K is present.
Term
reticulocyte
Definition
an immature erythrocyte, characterized by a meshlike pattern of threads and particles at the former site of the nucleus
Term
septicemia
Definition
systemic infection in which pathogens are present in the circulating bloodstream, having spread from an infection in any part of the body
Term
seroconversion
Definition
a change in serologic tests from negative to positive as antibodies develop in reaction to an infection or vaccine
Term
serology
Definition
the branch of laboratory medicine that studies blood serum for evidence of infection by evaluating antigen-antibody reactions
Term
serum
Definition
also call blood serum. the clear, thin, and sticky fluid portion of the blood that remains after coagulation. serum contains no blood cells, platelets, or fibrinogen.
Term
splenomegaly
Definition
an abnormal enlargement of the spleen
Term
stem cell
Definition
a formative cell; cell whose daughter cells may give rise to other cell types
Term
thrombin
Definition
an enzyme formed from prothrombin, calcium, and thromboplastin in plasma during the clotting process. it causes fibrinogen to change to fibrin, which is essential in the formation of a clot
Term
thrombocyte
Definition
a clotting cell, a platelet
Term
thrombocytopenia
Definition
an abnormal hematologic condition in which the number of platelets is reduced
Term
thromboplastin
Definition
a complex substance that initiates the clotting process by converting prothrombin into thrombin in the presence of calcium ion
Term
thrombus
Definition
a clot
Term
anemia
Definition
a condition in which there is a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood to levels below the normal range, resulting in a deficiency of oxygen being delivered to the cells
Term
anemia, aplastic
Definition
also called bone marrow depression anemia, characterized by pancytopenia - an inadequacy of the formed blood elements
Term
anemia, hemolytic
Definition
extreme reduction in circulating RBCs due to their destruction
Term
anemia, iron deficiency
Definition
deficiency of hemoglobin level due to lack of iron in the body, a greater demand on the stored iron than can be supplied by the body
Term
anemia, pernicious
Definition
results from a deficiency of mature RBCs and the formation and circulation of megaloblasts (large, nucleated, immature, poorly functioning RBC) with marked poikilocytosis (RBC shape variation) and anisocytosis (RBC size variation)
Term
anemia, sickle cell
Definition
chronic hereditary form of hemolytic anemia in which the RBCs become shaped like a crescent in the presence of low oxygen concentration
Term
granulocytosis
Definition
abnormall elevated number of granulocytes in the circulating blood as a reaction to any variety of inflammation or infection
Term
hemochromatosis
Definition
rare iron metabolism disease characterized by iron deposits throughout the body, usually as a complication of one of the hemolytic anemias
Term
hemophilia
Definition
hereditary inadequacies of coagulation factors resulting in prolonged bleeding times, include types A and B
Term
acquired immunity
Definition
immunity developed as the result of having had the disease or from having received an immunization against a disease
Term
adenoids
Definition
masses of lymphatic tissue located near the opening of the nasal cavity into the pharynx; also called pharyngeal tonsils
Term
edema
Definition
accumulation of fluid within the tissue spaces
Term
hypersensitivity
Definition
abnormal condition characterized by an excessive reaction to a particular stimulus
Term
immune reaction
(immune response)
Definition
defense function of the body that produces antibodies to destroy invading antigens and malignancies
Term
immunity
Definition
state of being resistant to or protected from a disease, the individual is said to be immune
Term
immunization
Definition
process of creating immunity to a specific disease
Term
immunologist
Definition
health specialist whose training and experience is concentrated in immunology
Term
immunology
Definition
study of the reaction of tissues of the immune system of the body to antigenic stimulation
Term
immunotherapy
Definition
special treatment of allergic responses that administers increasingly large doses of the offending allergens to gradually develop immunity
Term
local reaction
Definition
reaction to treatment that occurs at the site it was administered
Term
lymph
Definition
interstitial fluid picked up by the lymphatic capillaries, eventually returned to blood. called lymph when inside lymphatic vessels
Term
lymphadenopathy
Definition
any disorder of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels, characterized by localized or generalized enlargement
Term
lymphocyte
Definition
small, agranulocytic leukocytes originating from fetal stem cells and developing in the bone marrow
Term
macrophage
Definition
phagocytic cell involved in defense against infection and in disposal of the products of the breakdown of cells
Term
natural immunity
Definition
immunity with which we are born; also called genetic immunity
Term
pathogens
Definition
disease-producing microorganisms
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
process fo a cell engulfing and destroying bacteria
Term
resistance
Definition
the body's ability to counteract the effects of pathogens and other harmful agents
Term
susceptible
Definition
a state lacking resistance to pathogens and other harmful agents
Term
T cells
Definition
cells of immune response, mature in thymus. Upon maturation, enter the blood and circulate throughout the body, providing defense against disease by attacking foreign and/or abnormal cells
Term
tonsils
Definition
masses of lymphatic tissue located in a protective ring, just under the mucous membrane, surrounding the mouth and the back of the throat
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