Term
|
Definition
| a system for communicating with others using signals that are combined according to rules of grammar and convey meaning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the smallest unit of sounds that is recognizable as speech rather than as random noise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of rules that indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the smallest meaningful units of language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of rules that indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of rules that indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the meaning of a sentence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| speech that is devoid of function morphemes and consists mostly of content words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the view that language development is best explained as innate, biological capacity |
|
|
Term
| language acquisition device (LAD) |
|
Definition
| a collection of processes that facilitate language learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a syndrome characteried by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difficulty in producing or comprehending language |
|
|
Term
| linguistic relativity hypothesis |
|
Definition
| the proposal that language shapes the nature of thought |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli |
|
|
Term
| family resemblance theory |
|
Definition
| members of a category have features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the "best" or "most typical" member of a category |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a theory of categorization that argues that we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category |
|
|
Term
| category-specific deficit |
|
Definition
| a neurological syndrome that is characterized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category though the ability to recognize objects outside the category is undisturbed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does not guarantee that a solution will be reached |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a well-defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to a problem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event |
|
|
Term
| representativeness heuristic |
|
Definition
| a mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when people give different answer to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased (or framed) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A framing effect in which people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the proposal that people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains |
|
|
Term
| frequency format hypothesis |
|
Definition
| the proposal that our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process of searching for the means or steps to reduce differences between the current situation and the desired goal |
|
|
Term
| analogical problem solving |
|
Definition
| solving a problem by finding a similar probelm with a known solution and applying that solution to the current problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to preceive the functions of objects as fixed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mental activity that consists of organizing information or beliefs into a series of steps to reach conclusions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| figuring out what to do, or reasoning directed toward action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reasoning directed toward arriving at a belief |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People's judgments about whether to accept conclusions depend more on how believable the conclusions are than on whether the arguments are logically vaild |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| determining whether a conclusion follows from two statements that are assumed to be true. |
|
|
