• layer of the GI tract
• comprised of connective tissue that includes blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and secretory glands

• Layer of the GI tract
• includes circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layer

• a double-layer peritoneum containing blood vessels and nerves that supples the intestinal wall.
• supports the intestines while allowing flexibility to accomodate peristalsis and varying content volumes

• relaxes to allow the food to enter the stomach.
• prevents the stomach contents from refluxing into the esophagus

• green or yellowish liquid that contains water, bile salts (formed from cholesterol), conjugated bilirubin, cholesterol, and electrolytes (including bicarbonate).
• necessary to emulsify fats and fat-soluble vitakes (ADEK) so that they can be absorbed in the small intestine.

• a small, saclike organ located on the under surface of the liver that is a reservoir for bile.
• concentrates the bile by removing water

• exocrine and endocrine functions
• exocrine fxns:
• producing enzymes, electrolytes, and water necessary for digestion.
• endocrine fxn:
• producing hormones to help regulate blood glucose and, thus, maintaining homeostasis.

• occurs when a section of the stomach protrudes upward through an opening in the diaphragm toward the lung.
• develops from weakening of the diaphragm muscle, requently resulting from increased intrathoracic pressure or increased intra-abdominal pressure

• refers to an inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining
• can be acute or chronic

• can be a mild, transiet irritation, or it can be a severe ulceration with hemorrhage.
• develops suddenly
• likely to be accompanied by nausea and epigastric pain

• develops gradually
• likely to be accompanied by a dull epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake
• can be asymptomatic in some cases

• most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections
• present with epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food

• less frequent, more deatdly than duodenal ulcers
• associated with malignancy and NSAID use
• pain usually worsens with eating

• describe PUD that develops because of a major physiological stressor on the body (e.g., large burns, trauma, sepsis, surgery, or head injury).
• develop due to local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the stomach, and decreased GI motility
• most frequently develop in the stomach and multiple  ulcers can form within hours of the precipitating event

• chronic, progressive, irreversible, diffuse damage to the liver resulting in decreased liver function
• can be caused by hepatitis and other factors (alcohol, hepatotoxic medications, and autoimmune conditions)
• chronic alcohol abuse is th emost frequent cause of cirrhosis

Prodromal Phase

Icteric Phase

Recovery Phase

• an inflammation of the pancreas that can be acute or chronic.
• Causes: cholelithiasis, alcohol abuse, biliary dysfunction, hepatotoxic drugs, metabolic disorders, trauma, renal failure, endocrine disorders, pancreatic tumors, and penetrating peptic ulcer

• refers to a change in bowel pattern characterized by an increased frequency, amount, and water content of the stool
• can result because of an increase in fluid secretion, a decrease in fluid absorption, or an alteration in GI peritalsis

• refers to a change in bowel pattern characterized by infrequent passage of stool
• the stool remains in the large intestine longer than usual. The longer ths tool remains in the large intesstine, the more water is removed from the stool

• refers to a blockage of intestinal contents in the small intestine (where it is most common) or large intestine.
• Two causes: mechanical and functional

• physical barriers
• can occur due to foreign bodies, tumors, adhesions, hernias, intussusception, volvulus, strictures, crohn's disease, diverticulitis, hirschsprung's disase, and fecal impaction

telescoping of a portion of the intestion into another portion

a mechanical obstruction

• functional obstruction
• result from a neurologic impairment, intra-abdominal surgery complications, chemica/electrolyte/mineral disturbances, intra-abdominal infections, abdominal blood supply impairment; renal and lung disease; and certain medications

• an inflammation of the vermiform appendix
• caused by an infection

• Inflammation of the peritoneum
• usually presents as an acute condition, and treatment centers on resolving the underlying cause
• results from chemical irritation or direct organism invasion

• an inherited, autoimmune, malabsorption disorder
• results from a defect in the intestinal enzymes that prevent further digestion of gliadin

• chronic inflammation of the GI tract, usually the intestines
• includes Crohn's Disease and ulcerative colitis

• insidious, slow-developing progressive condition that often develops in adolescence
• characterized by patchy areas of inflammation involving the full thickness of the intestinal wall and ulcerations

• progressive condition of the rectum and colon mucosa that usually develops in the 2nd or 3rd decade of life
• inflammation causes epithelium loss, surface erosion, and ulceration
• the ulceration begins in the rectum and extends to involve the entire colon

• a chronic GI condition characterizd by exacerbations associated with stress
• alterations in bowel patter an dabdominal pain not explained by structual or biochemical abnormalities
• less serious, noninflammatory, and does not cause permanent intestinal damage

• outwardly bulging pouches of the intestinal wall that occur when mucosa sections or large intestine submucosa layers herniate through a weakened muscular layer
• may be congenital or acquired
• thought to be caused by a low-fiber diet that results in chronic constipation

• asymptomatic diverticular disease
• usually there are multiple diverticula present

• a state in which diverticula have become inflamed, usually because of retained fecal matter
• can result in potentially fatal obstructions, infection, abscess, perforation, peritonitis, hemorrhage, and shock

usually a spquamous cell carcinoma most often affecting men.

cancer in the esophagus. hurrdurrdurr

cancer of the stomach hurrdurrdurr

adenocarcinoma (an ulcerative lsion) is the most frequent type

cancer of the liver hurrdurrdurr

most commonly occurs as a secondary tumor that has metastasized from the brease, lung, or other GI structures

• cancer of the pancreas hurrdurrdurr
• aggressive malignancy that can quickly spread to structures nearby