Self-esteem

The overall sense of one's own value as a person

Emotional display rules

Cultural or subcultural rules for the display of emotional reactions to events or people that specify when and under what circumstances nonverbal expressions of emotion are considered appropriate

Gender identity

A person's fundamental sense of self as male or female

Cognitive theory of gender development

Kohlberg's theory that children's ideas about gender organize their gender-related behavior

Self-socialization

The process of matching one's behavior and activities to those associated with one's gender

Gender permanence

The understanding that a person's gender remains the same over time: A girl grows up to become a woman, and a boy grows up to become a man

Gender constancy

The understanding that a person's gender remains the same even if superficial characteristics such as clothing, hairstyle, or activities undergo change; for instance, a boy remains male evein if he puts on a dress or plays witha doll

Gender stereotypes

Preconceived expectations about the preferences, attitudes, and behaviors of males and females

Gender schema theory

Bem's theory that children's understanding of gender develops as they acquie mental representations of male and female activities, roles, and preferences

Permissive parenting

A style of parenting that combines little control or guidance of children with high levels of communication, nurturance, and warmth

Authoritarian parenting

A style of parenting that combines high standards and strict punishment with low levels of communication, nurturance, and warmth

Authoritative parenting

A style of parenting win which parents set limits and provide guidance for chldren's behavior, but also provide much support and nurturance

Disengaged Parenting

A style of parenting in which parents (often those who are overwhelmed by their own problems) set few limits or standards and provide little in the way i.e.of nurturance or support for their children; at the extreme, disengaged parenting becomes a form of child maltreatment (i.e. neglect)

Solitary play

A form of play in whicha  child plays alone, apparently without awareness of other children nearby

Onlooker play

A form of play in which one child watches the activities of another child or a group of children

Parallel play

A form of play in which children play with similar objects or toys, often in proximity to one another, but without interacting

Associative play

A form of play in which a child shares and participates with others

Cooperative play

A form of play in which children play together in a social fashion

Physical aggression

Behavior intended to harm another person by inflicting pain or injury

Relational aggression

Behavior intended to hurt another person through damage to peer relationships

Prosocial behavior

Cooperative, friendly, and other socially approved behavior

Morality of constraint

A mode of moral reasoning in which behavior is constrained by the consequences of actions and morality is not subject to change

Autonomous Morality

A mode of moral reasoning in which moral rules are seen as a product of social ineraction and agreement

Moral judgements

Judgements about right and wrong, fairness, and justice; for instance, answers to questions about whether it is right to strike another person

Social-conventional judgements

Judgements based on customary ways of doing things; for instance, answers to questions about whether it is right to eat with one's fingers versus with a fork

Corporal punishment

Use of physical methods, such as slapping or spanking,  ot discourage undesirable behavior

Personal judgements

Judgements based on individual preferences; for instance, answers to questions about whether it is better to eat vanilla or chocolate ice cream