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| The beginning of the "Avignon Captivity of the Church." For about 70 years the papacy was in Avignon (France) and under the thumb of the king of france (Papal schism.) |
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| the prayer of the angelus |
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| Beginning of the Hundred Years' war (it's a war between France and England; they contended the two thrones of France and England) |
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| St. Catherine of Siena: Catherine is one of the 33 Saints Doctors of the Church. She lived her faith out in a way that she left a deep sign in the Church of her era. Catherine is the one who convinced the Pope to move back to Rome. She wrote many letters to the Pope |
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| The black Death. It is one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, peaking in europe for about 2 years. It is also called the bubonic plague. the aftermath of the plague created a series of religious, social and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of European history (especially charitable works of economic assistance and hospitals in which people like St. Catherine and many others were taking care of the Sick |
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| the end of the "Avignon Captivity": POpe Gregory XI receives St. Catherine; the Pope decides to transfer the Papacy back to Rome. Pope Gregory XI was the seventh and the last of the Avignon Popes. After Pope Gregory XI had moved back to Rome, the French elected another Pope in France; the issue of this schism was discussed during the Council of Constance (1414-1418) |
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| Pope Gregory XI moves the papacy back to Rome. France declares Clement VII pope in Avignon. There will be two competing popes for about 40 years. |
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| the council of Constance deposes both popes (the one in Rome and the one in Avignon) and elects a new one: Pope Martin V. This is the end of the Papal Schism |
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| St. Joan of Arc. She was a peasant girl born in eastern France who claimed divine guidance, she led the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years' War. Twenty-Five years after the execution, an Inquisitorial court authorized by Pope Callixtus III examined the trial, pronounced her innocent and declared her a martyr. One of the questions and answers during the trial became famous and it is still remembered as a very catholic attitude toward God. Question from the judge: "Joan, are you in a state of grace? (can you say that you have no sin at all)". Joan's answer: "if i am in a state of grace i dont know; but if i am may the Lord keep me so, if i'm not may the Lord make me so". |
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| Battle of Agincourt (part of the Hundred Years' War). The Battle of Agincourt was a major English victory against a numerically superior French army in the Hundred Years' war. The battle occurred on Friday, 25 October 1415 (Saint Crispin's Day), near modern-day Azincourt, in northern France. |
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| Johannes Gutenberg invents a completely new way of printing books: it is the movable type printing press. The bible is first large book printed. |
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| End of the Hundred years' War (the war for the throne between England and France) |
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| Christopher Columbus begins his journey. He thought he could reach India going West. |
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| 12 October 1492 Christopher Columbus reaches the "New World". he "touched" the Canary islands. This is Columbus' first journey |
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| Pope Alexander Vi, in the Bull Inter Caetera, divided the title for the New World between Spain and Portugal along a demarcation line |
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| Henry VIII, king of England is born |
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| Henry VIII becomes King of England |
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| Luther nails is 95 Theses to the door of the church in Wittenburg. It is the first public act of the Protestant Reformation. |
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| The Five Solas of the Protestant Reformation: |
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1. Sola Scripture- that the Holy Scriptures alone are the sole inherently authoritative norm for faith and practice. All tradition must yield to the authority of the Bible.
2.Solus Christus- that salvation comes through Christ alone. All that he has done in his perfect life of obedience, death on the cross, bodily resurrection from the grave, and session at the right hand of the Father is sufficient for our salvation. For, there is one Mediator between God and man, the man Christ Jesus.
3. Sola Fide- that justification is by faith alone. We are right before our heavenly father only because of the saving faith, which he has worked in us. Our good works can never merit right standing before God.
4. Sola Gratia- that salvation is by grace alone, God's unmerited favor toward and saving power in the lives of his people.
5. Soli Deo Gloria- that all things are to the glory of God alone |
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| Diet of Worms. The Emperor presented the final draft of the Diet of Worms, declaring luther an outlaw, banning his literature, and requiring his arrest. Luther is excommunicated by Pope Leo X |
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| The Pope Excommunicated Henry VIII, King of England, over his divorce from Catherine of Aragona. |
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| the act of Supremacy, issued by Henry VIII, declared that the King of England was "the only supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England". By 1536 the separation from Rome was complete. |
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| This is the very beginning of the Jesuits. Ignatius of Loyola is the main creator and initial Superior General of the Society of Jesus, a religious organization of the Catholic Church whose members, known as Jesuits, served the Pope as missionaries. He is remembered as a talented spiritual director. He was very vigorous in opposing the Protestant Reformation and promoting the Catholic Reformation in accordance with the decisions of the Tridentine Council. Charles facilitated the final deliberations of the Council of Trent. He took a large share in the creation of the Tridentine Catechism. He moved from Rome to Milan in 1565 and he was the first bishop to consistenly resides in his diocese. He created the seminary for priestly formation in the way we know it today and more than everybody else in his time he contributed to make the Catholic Reformation effective in the Church's life. |
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| The council of Trent is an Ecumenical Council that aimed to Reform the Catholic Church and her life. It is considered to be one of the Church's most important councils. It convened in Trent between 1545 and 1563 |
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| The peace of Augsburg: officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christendom permanent within the Holy Roman Empire. The Peace established the principle Cuius Regio, eius religio, which allowed Holy Roman Empire's states' princes to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism within the domains they controlled, ultimately reaffirming the independence they had over their states. Subjects, citizens, or residents who did not wish to conform to the prince's choice were given a period in which they were free to emigrate to different regions in which their desired religion had been accepted. |
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| Galileo Galilei is born. He was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for copernicanism. Galileo has been called the "father of modern physics the father of science, and the father of modern science." |
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| The Ottoman Navy and soldiers attacked the city of Famagusta, Where Bragadin resided, |
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