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| is the mental represenation of an object, event, or idea |
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| refer to these clusters of interrelated concepts |
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| this theory claims that objects or events are categorized accordin to a certain set of rules or by a specific set of features |
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| the observation that some concepts appear to make better category members than others |
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| mental representations of an average category member |
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| an interconnected set of nodes (concepts) and the links that join them to form a category |
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linguistic relativity
(Whorfian hypothesis) |
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| the theory that the language we encounter and use determines how we understand the world |
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| means accomplishing a goal when the solution or the path to the solution is not clear |
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| a problem that has a clear initial state and goal state |
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| a problem that may be lacking definition in one or more ways, such as an ambiguous initial state or a lack of familiar opperators |
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| problem-solving strategies based on a series of rules |
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| problem-solving strategies that stem from prior experiences and provide an educated guess as to what is the most likely solution |
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| a cognitive obstacle that occurs when an individual attempts to apply a routine solution to what is actually a new type of problem |
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| occurs when an individual identifies a potential operator but can think only of its most obvious function |
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| representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
| making judgements of likelihood based on how well an example represents a specific category |
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| entails estimating the frequency of an event based on how easily examples of it come to mind |
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| occurs when an individual attempts to solve a problem involving numbers and uses previous knowledge to keep the response within a limited range |
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| occurs when an individual believes he or she has the solution to the problem or the correct answer for a question and accepts only evidence that will confirm those beliefs |
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| occurs when an individual searches for only evidence that will confirm his or her beliefs instead of evidence that might disconfirm them |
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| a form of communication that involves the use of spoken, written, or gestural symbols that are combined in a rule-based form |
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| the most basic of units of speech sounds |
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| the smallest meaningful units of lanuage |
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| the study of how people come to understand meaning from words |
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| the study of nonlinguistic elements of language use |
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| language disorders caused by damage to the brain structures that support using and understanding language |
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| the area of the brain most associated with finding the meaning of words |
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| a frontal lobe structure that controls our ability to articulate speech sounds that compose words |
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| the abilty to map words onto concepts or objects after only a single exposure |
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| raised as a member of a family that was not of the same species |
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