Term
|
Definition
| general variation in erythrocyte size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence of variation in shape of erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicative of amount of hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicative of concentration of hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicative of size of red blood cell |
|
|
Term
| Absolute reticulocyte count |
|
Definition
| retic count (fraction) x total RBC count (x 10^6/ uL) |
|
|
Term
| Reticulocyte production index |
|
Definition
(retic count/maturation time) X (patient hct %/45)
RPI > 2 = adequate mone marrow response
RPI < 2 = inadequate bone marrow response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells wth black-bluish granular inclusions distributed across their entire cell area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| violet inclusions occuring the formation of a figure 8 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dark purple or violet spherical granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clusters of small granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are nucleated erythrocytes that contain iron granules, identified by Prussian blue iron stain |
|
|
Term
| Stacking or aggregation of erythrocytes on stained smear |
|
Definition
| associated with pathologic states |
|
|
Term
| Laboratory tests to evaluate erythrocyte destruction |
|
Definition
| marrow cellularity, RPI, serum unconjugated bilirubin |
|
|
Term
| morphological classification |
|
Definition
| RBC average size and hb concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| larger RBCs with a bluish tinge, causes by residual RNA in the cytoplasm. Associated with erythroid hyperplasic marrow due to decreased RBC survival and/or hemmorrhage |
|
|
Term
| Adaptations to anemia (3) |
|
Definition
increase oxygenated blood flow
increase in oxygen utilization by tissues
different responses to change in hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| Patient symptoms associated with increase in oxygenated blood flow as an adaptation to anemia |
|
Definition
| body deepens amount of inspiration and increases respiration rate, amount of peripheral blood decreases |
|
|
Term
| Patient symptoms associated with increase in oxygen utilization by tissue |
|
Definition
| buildup of lactic acid due to scarcity of oxygen at cellular levels because tissues are extracting more oxygen from the blood |
|
|
Term
| Patient symptoms associated with changes in hemoglobin |
|
Definition
| oxygen requirements of the individual change |
|
|
Term
| History of Patients with Anemia |
|
Definition
Weakness and fatigue
vertigo, headache, syncope, dyspnea (due to drop in hemoglobin)
blood loss
family history for rare hereditaory hematologic disorders |
|
|
Term
| Clincal symptoms of patients with anemia |
|
Definition
| changes in epithelial tissue due to oxygen deprivation, hypotension (low bp), heart abnormalities, organomegaly of spleen and liver, defect in hemostatis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RDW tells about variations in red cell sizes, Anisocytosis
Normal: 11.5-14.5%
Abnormalities show increased RDW = more variation in size of red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| Bone marrow response measured by Retics |
|
Definition
RPI > 2 appropriate response, bone marrow is releasing retics because of the increased need
RPI < 2 inappropriate response, Bone marrow is not releasing enough RBCs |
|
|
Term
| How are acanthocytes formed? |
|
Definition
| RBCs have altered lipid content |
|
|
Term
| What is the clincal significance of acanthocytes? |
|
Definition
| they have a normal life span but a decreased osmotic fragility, seen in liver disease and congenital acanthocytosis |
|
|
Term
| How are teardrop cells formed? |
|
Definition
| formed when RBCs containing inclusions traverse the spleen (inclusion has trouble passing and cell is stretched) |
|
|
Term
| What is the clincal significace of Target cells? |
|
Definition
| decreased osmotic fragility, seen in disorders with increases membrane lipids (liver diseae), decreased cellular hemoglobin (IDA and thalassemia), and hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell, Hb C disease) |
|
|
Term
| What is the clincal significance of teardrop cells? |
|
Definition
| ) seen in thalassemia, also in myelofibrosis and metastatic cancer to the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| How are echinocytes formed? |
|
Definition
| related to increase in the area of the outer leaflet of the RBC membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is the clincal significance of echinocytes? |
|
Definition
| seen in liver disease, PK deficiency, peptic ulcers, cancer of the stomach, and heparin therapy |
|
|
Term
| How are ellitocytes formed? |
|
Definition
| formed after cells leave bone marrow, involve alterations in RBC membrane skeleton |
|
|
Term
| What is the clincal significance of elliptocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are helmet cells formed? |
|
Definition
| produced by impalement on a fibrin strand |
|
|
Term
| What is the clincal significance of helmet cells? |
|
Definition
| associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemias, heart-valve hemolysis, Heinz-body hemolytic anemia, glomerulonephritis, and cavernous hemangiomas |
|
|
Term
| How are schistocytes formed? |
|
Definition
| caused by mechanical damage, fibrin formation RBC gets hung up on fibrin and releases fragments, |
|
|
Term
| What is the clincal signifance of schitocytes? |
|
Definition
| found when blood vessel pathology is present, seen in microangiopathic hemolytic anemias, heart-valve hemolysis, DIC, severe burns and uremia |
|
|
Term
| How are sphereocytes formed? |
|
Definition
| decrease in surface to volume ratio |
|
|
Term
| What is the clincal significance of spherocytes? |
|
Definition
| increased osmotic fragility and increased autohemolysis. Decreased life span because they are removed by spleen. Seen in hereditary spherocytosis, immune hemolytic anemias, sever burns, ABO incompatability, Heinz body hemolytic anemias |
|
|
Term
| How are stomatocytes formed? |
|
Definition
| increase in lipid content or area of the inner leaflet |
|
|
Term
| What is the clincal signifance of stomatocytes? |
|
Definition
| seen in hereditary stomatocytosis or sphereocytosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, anemia associated with rH null disease, lead intoxication, and neoplasms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clincal significance of basophilic stippling |
|
Definition
| lead poisoning, anemia associated with abnormal hb synthesis, thalassemia |
|
|
Term
| Clincal significance of cabot rings |
|
Definition
| severe anemias and dyserythropoiesis |
|
|
Term
| Clincal significane of Howel-Jolly Bodies |
|
Definition
| associated with nuclear maturation abnormalities, seen in post-splenectomy, megaloblastic anemias, some hemolytic anemias, function asplenia and severe anemias |
|
|
Term
| Clincal significance of pappenheimer bodies |
|
Definition
| sideroblastic anemias, thalassemias, and severe anemias |
|
|
Term
| Stain for pappenheimer bodies |
|
Definition
| Needs Romanowsky stain (stains protein matrix) and perl’s Prussian blue stain (stains iron) |
|
|
Term
| Clincal significance of Heinz bodies |
|
Definition
| G6PD deficiency, unstable hemoglobin disorders, oxidizing drugs or toxins, and post-splenectomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Does not stain with Romanowsky stain, appears with supravital stain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irregular clustering of RBCs, can be prevented by keep blood at 37°C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alignment of RBCS in stacks- caused by letting blood stand in tubes for too long, also associated with increase in fibrinogen and globulins |
|
|
Term
| How is a morphological classification made? |
|
Definition
| classified by RBC average size and hemoglobin concentration via use of RBC indices |
|
|
Term
| Morphological classification categories? |
|
Definition
| macrocytic normochromic, normocytic normochromic and microcytic hypochromic |
|
|
Term
| How is functional classification made? |
|
Definition
| classified by reticulocyte count, IRF or RPI and serum iron |
|
|
Term
| Functional classification categories? |
|
Definition
proliferative defects- decrease in maturation of RBCS and decreased release rates of RBCs in response to anemia
Maturation defect- disruption of orderly process of nuclear development or cytoplasmic development
Survival defect- loss of circulating RBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| herediatry hemoglobinopathies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defective hemoglobin formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristic findings in proliferative defect |
|
Definition
normochromic normocytic RBCs
decreased retic count
decreased immature retic fration
RPI < 2
Bm is hypocellular with normal or increased iron stores
normal or decreased bilirubin |
|
|
Term
| characteristic findings in maturation defects (nuclear development) |
|
Definition
macrocytic RBCs
increased BM production of RBCs
decreased absolute retic, IRF
RPI < 2
pancytopenia
megaloblastic maturation |
|
|
Term
| characteristic findings in maturation defects (cytoplasmic development) |
|
Definition
microcytic RBCs
BM production increased of RBC
decreased absolute retic and IRF
RPI < 2
seen only in RBCs |
|
|
Term
| characteristic findings of survival defects |
|
Definition
increased absolute retic
RPI > 2
polychromatophilic macrocytes
schistocytes
spherocytes
increased serum bilirubin
decreased haptoglobin
blood in urine and stool |
|
|
