Term
Two systems operating at the Earthatmosphere
interface: |
|
Definition
Endogenic (internal system) builds land forms
– Exogenic (external system) wears down the land
forms |
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Term
| The overall cycle is fueled by |
|
Definition
Earth’s internal
heat and solar energy |
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Term
| Composed of three principal cycles |
|
Definition
The hydrologic cycle
The rock cycle:
The tectonic cycle: |
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Term
|
Definition
Involves erosion, transportation and depositional
processes |
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Term
|
Definition
Produces the three basic rock types found in the
crust |
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Term
|
Definition
| Brings heat energy and new material to the surface |
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Term
| Exogenic wears down land forms: |
|
Definition
•Weathering
•Erosion
•Mass wasting |
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|
Term
| Endogenic builds land forms: |
|
Definition
•Igneous activity
•Sedimentation
•Crustal deformation and uplift |
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|
Term
Hydrologic
Cycle,
powered by |
|
Definition
solar energy,
transfers and
stores water
in various
reservoirs |
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Term
|
Definition
Earth’s
internal heat
energy,
produces the
three basic
rock types
found in the
crust |
|
|
Term
Tectonic
Cycle, also
powered by
Earth’s |
|
Definition
internal heat
energy,
brings
internal heat
to surface,
generates
new crust,
moves and
deforms
crust, and
recycles
crustal
material |
|
|
Term
Interactions
among the
atmosphere,
hydrosphere
and
lithosphere
at Earth’s
surface
result in |
|
Definition
weathering,
mass
wasting,
erosion, and
sediment
transport |
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Term
|
Definition
The Basic Building Blocks Of
Rocks |
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Term
|
Definition
Naturally occurring and therefore
generally found in nature |
|
|
Term
Example Chemical Formulas
of Minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
orderly
arrangement of atoms |
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|
Term
| Different minerals can have |
|
Definition
different
atomic arrangements (crystal structures) |
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Term
|
Definition
each carbon atom shares electrons with
four adjacent carbon atoms (covalent bonds) in a
tetrahedral arrangement |
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Term
| The arrangement of carbon atoms in graphite is |
|
Definition
different from that of diamonds, resulting in very
different properties for the two minerals |
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Term
| The Shapes Of Minerals Are |
|
Definition
External
Expressions Of Their Internal Atomic Structures |
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Term
|
Definition
Silicon ion (Si4+) surrounded by four oxygen
ions (O2-) and represented by the formula
(SiO4)4- |
|
|
Term
| General formula for silicates |
|
Definition
| (SiO4)4- + cations (Mg2+, Fe2+, Ca2+, Na+, K+) |
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|
Term
| The basic building block is the |
|
Definition
Silicon-
Oxygen Tetrahedron |
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Term
|
Definition
| individual tetrahedra in the crystal structure |
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|
Term
Silicates are
the most
common
minerals in |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
minor, but
important
components of
Earth’s crust |
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Term
|
Definition
| Basic unit is the (CO3)2- complex |
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|
Term
There are different carbonate minerals
depending on which cation is attached to the
carbonate complex: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two most important carbonates are |
|
Definition
calcite
[CaCO3] and dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2] |
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Cations are bounded to oxygen
O2- + cations |
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Term
|
Definition
Hematite (Fe2O3)
– Magnetite (Fe3O4) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Generally form ionic bonds |
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Term
|
Definition
– Halite (NaCl)
– Sylvite (KCl)
– Fluorite (CaF2) |
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Term
|
Definition
Sulfur is present as the sulfate ion (SO4)2-
(SO4)2- + cations |
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Term
|
Definition
Anhydrite (CaSO4)
– Gypsum (CaSO4
. 2H2O |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Many important ore deposits exist as
sulfides
S2- + cations |
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Term
|
Definition
Galena (PbS)
– Pyrite (FeS2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| Minerals composed of only one element |
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Term
| Some important native elements: |
|
Definition
– Graphite (C)
– Diamond (C)
– Copper (Cu)
– Gold (Au)
– Sulfur (S) |
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Term
|
Definition
– Minerals are composed of chemical
elements.
– Chemical elements are held together by
bonds.
– Minerals are the building blocks of the
solid Earth |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Crystallize from
magma and lava) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
(Lithification of
sediment; Precipitation of ions) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
( Formed when
original parent rocks undergo
changes due to changing
temperature and pressure
conditions) |
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Term
Because of
heating
within the
Earth, |
|
Definition
deep
rocks are
melted to
produce
magma |
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|
Term
Rising magma
cools and
crystallizes at |
|
Definition
shallower
depth or
erupts on the
surface to
form igneous
rocks |
|
|
Term
Igneous rocks
brought to the
surface are
weathered by |
|
Definition
air under the
influence of
gravity to
form sediment |
|
|
Term
Glaciers,
running
water and
wind
transport and
deposit
sediment in |
|
Definition
valleys, lakes,
deserts and
oceans |
|
|
Term
Deposited
sediments
slowly get
buried, |
|
Definition
compacted
and lithified
into
sedimentary
rocks |
|
|
Term
Deep burial of
sedimentary
rocks to higher
temperatures |
|
Definition
and pressures
results in
metamorphism |
|
|
Term
Metamorphic
rocks can be
heated further |
|
Definition
and eventually
melted to
form magma |
|
|
Term
Igneous rocks
at depth can
bypass th |
|
Definition
weathering
stage,
converting
directly into
metamorphic
rocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
uplifted
and exposed at
any stage and
weathered to
produce
sediments and
sedimentary
rocks |
|
|
Term
Any rock type
can be heated
and melted to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Generating magma from solid rock |
|
Definition
– Temperature increase in the upper crust
(geothermal gradient) averages between 20oC
to 30oC per kilometer depth
– Rocks in the lower crust and upper mantle
are near their melting points
– Any additional heat may induce melting |
|
|
Term
The geothermal
gradient shows
how |
|
Definition
temperature
increases with
depth in the
Earth |
|
|
Term
Melting
temperatures of
dry peridotite
are |
|
Definition
everywhere
higher than
geothermal
gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Volatiles (primarily water) cause
rocks to melt at lower temperatures
–Important source of magma
generation where oceanic lithosphere
descends into the mantle |
|
|
Term
Wet peridotite
partially melts
at depths below |
|
Definition
~60 km (upper
mantle) to
produce basaltic
magma |
|
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Term
|
Definition
An increase in confining pressure with
depth increases a rock’s melting
temperature (e.g. higher temperatures are
required to melt deeper rocks)
– Conversely, mantle material rising
towards the surface experiences a decrease
in confining pressure
– When confining pressure drops,
decompression melting can occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Magma forms as a hot liquid produced
when pre-existing rock melts |
|
|
Term
When a rock is heated, certain minerals
may begin to melt while other minerals
remain solid: |
|
Definition
– This process is termed partial melting
– The resulting liquid is called a partial melt |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The partial melt formed through the
melting of certain minerals takes on the
composition of the melted minerals |
|
|
Term
Magma then
rises towards
the surface and |
|
Definition
compositionally
evolves as it
cools and
crystallizes
minerals to form
igneous rocks |
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