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Chapter 8 and 9 Review
Study Guide
24
Science
9th Grade
03/05/2013

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Term
What causes an Earthquake?
Definition
Earthquakes are caused by the vibrations of Earth produced by the sudden release of energy.
Term
Describe the location of an epicenter and focus.
Definition
Epicenter is the location on the surface of Earth directly above the focus. Focus is the point within the Earth where the Earthquake starts.
Term
What is the elastic Rebound hypothesis? How does it relate to Earthquakes?
Definition
Elastic rebound hypothesis is the release of elastic energy stored in rocks that has been subjected to great forces.
Term
Describe aftershocks and foreshocks.
Definition
Aftershocks are small quakes that come after a major Earthquake. Foreshocks are small quakes that come before a major Earthquake.
Term
How are Earthquakes measured?
Definition
Historically, scientists have used two different types of measurement to describe the size of an Earthquake- intensity and magnitude.
Term
Describe the following earthquake waves: surface, S waves, and P waves.
Definition
S waves = shake particles at right angles to their direction of travel. P waves = They push (compress) and pull (expand) rocks in the direction the wave travels.
Term
How do scientist locate earthquakes? (distance and directions)
Definition
The difference in velocities of P waves provides a way to locate the epicenter.
Term
Where do most earthquakes occur?
Definition
Most of these earthquakes around the outer edge of the Pacific Ocean.
Term
Describe each of the different scales used to measure earthquakes.
Definition
Richter Scale = measures the magnitude of an earthquake.
Term
What is liquefaction?
Definition
Stable soil turns into a liquid that is not able to support buildings or other structures.
Term
What causes tsunamis? What warning system is used?
Definition
A tsunami is called a seismic sea wave. A tsunami is triggered by an earthquake.
Term
What are some other dangers that can occur due to earthquakes?
Definition
Landslide and ground subsidence or the sinking of the ground triggered by the vibrations occurs.
Term
Describe the layers of the earth.
Definition
Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, and Inner Core.
Term
Describe the Continental Drift.
Definition
The continental drift hypothesis stated that the continents had once been joined to form a single supercontinent.
Term
Who came up with the idea of continental drift?
Definition
Alfred Wegner
Term
What is Pangaea?
Definition
supercontinent.
Term
When did Pangaea form?
Definition
500 MY
Term
What kind of evidence is present to verify the idea of continental drift?
Definition
Ancient climates
Term
What is plate tectonics?
Definition
The uppermost mantle.
Term
How many plates are there?
Definition
There are 7 major plates and minor plates.
Term
What happens at plate boundaries?
Definition
The grinding movements of Earth's lithospheric plates generate earthquakes, create volcanoes, and deform large masses of rock into mountains.
Term
Describe each of the boundaries and tell what is happening at each.
Definition
Divergent boundaries occur when two plates move apart.
Term
What are some evidences of plate tectonics?
Definition
Paleomagnetism, Earthquake patterns, Ocean drilling, and Hot spots
Term
What is the driving force of plate tectonics?
Definition
Convection occurring in the mantle is the basic driving force for plate movement.
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