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Chapter 8/9
PMI Radiography
49
Other
Undergraduate 1
06/16/2015

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Term
Digital imaging advantages
Definition
The abililty to post-process images in a variety of ways to provide multiple views of the anatomy. In DR, density & contrast can be altered any time without re-exposing patient. Images stored in computer & can be xfered to multiple locations on network or sent via e-mail.
Term
Image intensifier
Definition
Electronically brightens and enhances the image and transmits it to the monitor.
Term
X-ray tube anode
Definition
Positive electrode toward which negatively charged electrons migrate.
Term
CT
Definition
Provides cross-sectional views of the body. Obtain several dozen slices of information with one exposure.
Term
Location of fluorsocopy x-ray tube
Definition
Inside the x-ray table.
Term
Essential requiremenets for producing x-rays
Definition
1) source of electrons
2) means to accelerate the electrons
3) way to bring the electrons to a sudden stop
Term
Similarities between PET and Nuclear Medicine imaging
Definition
PET is similar to nuclear medicine in that it uses a radiopharmaceutical agent injected into the circulatory system to image the area of interest.
Term
The types of energy produced by an x-ray machine
Definition
Heat is the primary by-product (>99%), x-rays are also produced (<1%)
Term
Fluoroscopy
Definition
Procedure using x-rays to image inner parts of the body in movement and motion
Term
Sonography & Doppler
Definition
Sonography - uses high-frequency sound waves (nonionizing radiation), Doppler - evaluate blood flow through arteries
Term
The deceleration process that produces x-rays
Definition
Because energy can be neither created nor destroyed, an energy conversion takes place; result of the sudden deceleration of the electrons at the anode.
Term
Post-processing
Definition
Density, contrast can be altered
Term
Phosphors
Definition
Produce 1000s of light rays for each x-ray striking them, reducing radiation required; computed radiography
Term
Percentage of light vs. x-ray image exposure for intensifying screen cassettes
Definition
95% of image from light, 5% from rays
Term
Fixed vs. mobile radiographic & fluoroscopic procedures & operation
Definition
Fixed unit - radiologist, Mobile unit - tech
Term
CT vs. MRI
Definition
CT - moves thru gantry, MRI - no radiation, moves thru cylindrical imager
Term
X-ray tube cathode vs. anode
Definition
Cathode - filament source of electrons (negative electrode), Anode - target where electrons strike (positive electrode)
Term
BE
Definition
Barium Enema - Radiographic examination of the colon involving the use of a contrast agent
Term
IVP
Definition
Intravenous pyelogram or intravenous urography or excretory urography. Use of iodinated contrast agent injected into bloodstream. KUB highlighted. Visualize stones in urinary system and evaluate kidney function. Fluoroscopic control.
Term
HSG
Definition
Hysterosalpingogram - exam of uterus and fallopian tubes, oil-based iodinated contrast. Fluorscopy, follow-up radiographs
Term
ERCP
Definition
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography - performed to dx anomalies in biliary system or pancreas. Contrast medium injected into common bile duct.
Term
Sialogram
Definition
Study of salivary glands. Uses fluoroscopy and radiography of mandible. Detect blockages caused by stones.
Term
Arthrogram
Definition
Evaluate structures in and around joint space. Most common joints are knee and shoulder. Contrast medium injected directly into joint space. Fluorscopy is used.
Term
Lithotripsy
Definition
Destroys stones in kidney or ureter using sonic shock waves. Fluoroscopy.
Term
Esophogram
Definition
Study of the esophagus, requires patitent to swallow a barium-sulfate preparation. Visualize tumors, constrictions, and spasms.
Term
Tomography
Definition
X-ray and tube film is set in motion during exposure to blur structures above and below the body part of interest. Used for IVUs.
Term
Reasons for performing extremity studies
Definition
Evaluate bone fractures, dislocations, arthritis, osteoporosis, and tumors.
Term
Reasons for performing headwork studies
Definition
Evaluate possible fractures
Locate foreign bodies
Examine abnormalities.
Term
Reasons for performing abdominal studies
Definition
Determine presence of foreign masses; calcifications; distribution of air in intestines; size, shape, location of major organs such as liver, kidney, spleen; body and soft-tissue damage
Term
Cystography
Definition
Study of urinary bladder, filling bladder with contrast agent and taking radiographs of bladder
Term
Myelography
Definition
Replaced by MRI, examination of subarachnoid space of spinal cord. After removal of spinal fluid, contrast agent injected into patient's back or neck. Fluoroscopy, radiographs.
Term
Mammography
Definition
Study of breast, compressed to allow for maximum visualization.
Term
Double-contrast study
Definition
Air may be used with barium-based or iodine-based contrast media to provide double contrast; used in air-contrast colon studies and arthrography.
Term
General types fo contrast media used
Definition
1) iodine-based media
2) barium-based media
3) air
Term
Skills required for patient preparation
Definition
Must be aware of all aspects of patient care taht relate to the exam
Term
Common patient preparation mistakes
Definition
Forgetting to remove a necklace before performing chest exam.
Term
Medium of choice for chest radiography
Definition
Air, easily penetrated by x-rays.
Term
Medium of choice for GI studies & why?
Definition
Barium, inert and cannot be absorbed by body.
Term
Studies used to supplement or replace BEs
Definition
Water-soluble iodine contrast agent, readily absorbed should spillage into the abdominal cavity occur.
Term
Reasons for performing thoracic cavity studies
Definition
Evaluate fluid in the lungs, overexpansion, collapsed lungs, tumors, heart enlargement, and other heart and lung abnormalities, as well as fractures of the ribs, sternoclavicular joints, and sternum.
Term
The rationale for using nonionic contrast media
Definition
Greatly reduces the occurrence of such side effects.
Term
The most commonly radiographed area of the body
Definition
Thoracic cavity
Term
General patient preparation procedures & who carries them out
Definition
External preparation - removing clothing, jewelry, noting tattoo area. Responsibility of radiographer
Internal preparation - cleansing enemas. Administered on nursing units or by patient at home.
Term
Venogram vs. arteriogram
Definition
Vein vs. arteries
Term
Excretory urography, IVP and IVU
Definition
Exam of the urinary system.
Term
Internal vs. external patient preparation
Definition
Cleansing enemas vs. removing clothing and jewelry
Term
Conditions limiting use of barium as a contrast medium
Definition
Surgery is imminent, perforated stomach or intestine
Term
IVP
Definition
A study with radiographs produced at intervals of several minutes after the introduction of iodinated contrast to image the KUB.
Term
Filament
Definition
The part of the x-ray tube that serves as the source for electrons.
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