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Chapter 8
Chapter 8
38
Biology
10th Grade
02/17/2011

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Term
Osmosis
Definition
The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane. (Passive transport)Water moves from a region of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Term
Hypertonic solution
Definition
the concentration of the solute outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell.
Term
Hypotonic solution
Definition
concentration of solute outside the cell is lower than inside the cell.
Term
Isotonic Solution
Definition
concentration of solutes outside and inside are equal.
Term
Passive Transport
Definition
the movement of substances across the plasma membrane w/o any input energy from the cell.
Term
facilitated diffusion.
Definition
Some molecules cannot cross the membrane so they are carried across by carrier proteins
Term
Active Transport
Definition
the movement of particles from areas w/ low concentration to areas w/ high concentration. Requires energy.
Term
Bulk Transport
Definition
large molecules are packaged in membrane bound sacs called vesicles and moved across the membrane.
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
plasma membrane folds into a pouch that encloses the particles.
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
fluids outside the cell are brought into the cytoplasm (cell drinking)
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
the cell engulfs a food particle or other cells.(cell eating)
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
waste and cell products leave the cell.
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
rod shaped structures made of DNA and proteins.(formed from chromatin)
Term
chromatid
Definition
When preparing for cell division, chromosomes make copies of themselves.
Each half is called this...
Term
centromere
Definition
holds the two chromatids (sister chromatids) together until they separate during division.
Term
The Cell Cycle
Definition
the phases of growth and division of a cell.A. Three Phases:
1.Interphase
2.Mitosis
3.Cytokinesis
Term
Interphase
Definition
part of the cell cycle between divisions.
1.longest phase – “resting phase”
2.Consists of 3 phases:g1, s, g2
Term
G1 Phase
Definition
normal metabolic cellular activities, number of organelles begins to increase.
Term
S Phase
Definition
genetic material is duplicated. The chromosomes of the cell replicate.
Term
G2 Phase
Definition
The cell makes the materials needed for cell division. Cell is preparing to divide.
Term
Cell Division
Definition
the process by which one cell produces 2 new identical daughter cells.
Term
Mitosis
Definition
series of phases in cell division in which the nucleus divides into two nuclei w/ identical genetic information.
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
The cytoplasm of the cell divides into two new cells called daughter cells.
Term
Mitosis
Definition
the division of the nucleus
Four Phases:prophase, metaphase, anaphase,telophase
Term
prophase
Definition
1st phase
a.Chromatin coil into chromosomes(2 sister chromatids joined by a centromere).
b.The nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear.
Term
Centrioles
Definition
Centrioles–small cylindrical structures form and move to the poles of the cell.
**plants lack centrioles
Term
Spindle Fibers
Definition
thin,football shaped fibers form between the centrioles.
1)Play an important role in the separation of sister chromatids.
Term
Metaphase
Definition
2nd Phase
Chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers and line up on the equator of the spindle.
Term
Anaphase
Definition
3rd Phase
a.Sister chromatids separate.
b.The centromeres split apart.
c.Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
Term
Telophase
Definition
4th Phase
a.Chromosomes return to the chromatin state.
b.A nuclear envelope begins to form around the chromosomes at each end of the cell.
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
completes cell division
A.The Cytoplasm of a cell and its organelles separates into two daughter cells. Different in plant and animal cells
Term
Cytokinesis in animals
Definition
the plasma membrane pinches in along the equator forming 2 new cells.
Term
Cytokinesis in plants
Definition
a cell plate is formed rather than pinching off.
a.The plasma membrane forms around each cell, and new walls form on each side of the cell plant until separation is complete.
Term
Cancer
Definition
uncontrolled cell division
1.Caused by environmental factors or changes in enzyme production.
Term
Gene
Definition
a segment of DNA that controls the production of a protein.
Term
tumors
Definition
Cancerous cells form masses of tissue called this...
Term
Cancer prevention
Definition
Healthy lifestyle: diet and exercise
Vitamins and minerals such as A,C,E, and Ca.
Term
Cancer
Definition
*Can eventually affect different parts of the body such as lungs, bones, skin.
*2nd leading cause of death in the U.S.
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