Term
Initiative vs. guilt
p. 198 |
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Definition
-Psychological conflict of the preschool years
Young children...
-have a new sense of purposefulness
-are eager to tackle new tasks, and join in activities with peers
-make strides in conscience development |
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Term
Foundations of self-concept
p. 199 |
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Definition
-based on observable characteristics (name, physical appearance, possessions, everyday behavior), and typical emotions and attitudes
-assert rights to objects ("Mine!") |
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Term
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Definition
Judgments we make about our own worth and the feelings associated with those judgments
-includes global appraisal and self-evaluation |
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Term
Emotional self-regulation
p. 200 |
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Definition
By ages 3 to 4 children...
-blunt emotions by restricting sensory input (covering their eyes to block out a scary sight)
-talk to themselves ("Mommy said she'll be back soon"
-change goals (deciding they don't want to play anyway after being excluded from a game)
- exhibit effortful control (inhibiting impulses and shifting attention) |
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Term
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Definition
-Empathy serves as an important motivator of prosocial behavior (actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self)
-preschoolers rely more on words to communicate empathic feelings
-empathy doesn't always yield acts of kindness or helpfulness
-empathy does not lead to sympathy |
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Term
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Definition
| Unoccupied, onlooker behavior and solitary play. |
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Term
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Definition
| Child plays near other children with similar materials but does not try to influence their behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another's behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Children orient toward a common goal, such as acting out a make-believe theme. |
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Term
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Definition
-Preschoolers understand that a friend is someone "who likes you" and with whom you spend a lot of time.
-4- to 7-year-olds regard friendship as based on pleasurable play and sharing of toys.
-Friendship provides social support. |
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Term
Inductive discipline
p. 205 |
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Definition
An adult helps the child notice feelings by pointing out the effects of the child's misbehavior on others.
-promotes conscience formation |
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Term
Effects of harsh punishment
p. 206 |
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Definition
-models aggression
-induces a chronic sense of being personally threatened, which prompts children to focus on their own distress rather than respond sympathetically to others
-causes children to avoid punishing adult
-stops children's misbehavior temporarily, parents may punish more often
-use of physical punishment may transfer to the next generation |
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Term
Positive discipline
p. 207 |
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Definition
-encourages good conduct, and reduces opportunities for misbehavior
-building a mutually respectful bond with the child, letting the child know ahead of time how to act, and praising mature behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Preschoolers distinguish these, which protect people's rights and welfare, from social conventions and matters of personal choice |
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Term
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Definition
| customs determined solely by consensus, such as table manners |
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Term
Proactive aggression
p. 209 |
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Definition
| Children act to fulfill a need or desire (obtain an object, privilege, space, or social reward, such as adult or peer attention) and emotionally attack a person to achieve their goal. |
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Term
Reactive aggression
p. 209 |
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Definition
| An angry, defensive response to provocation or a blocked goal and is meant to hurt another person. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes |
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Term
Gender-stereotyped beliefs
p. 211 |
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Definition
-Strengthen during early childhood, so much so that many children apply them as blanket rules rather than as flexible guidelines.
-Most preschoolers do not yet realize that characteristics associated with being male or female, do not determine a person's sex |
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Term
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Definition
-An image of oneself as relatively masculine or feminine in characteristics.
-"masculine" and androgynous children and adults have higher self-esteem than "feminine" individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| A full understanding of the biologically based permanence of their gender, including the realization that sex remains the same even if clothing, hairstyle, and play activities change. Children use this knowledge to guide their behavior. |
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Term
Authoritative child rearing
p. 216 |
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Definition
-Most successful approach
-High acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techniques, appropriate autonomy granting
Outcomes: children more self-reliant, achievement-oriented, and cooperative |
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Term
Authoritarian child rearing
p. 216 |
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Definition
-Low in acceptance and involvement, high in control, low autonomy granting
Outcomes: children often unhappy, fearful, anxious |
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Term
Permissive child rearing
p. 216 |
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Definition
-warm and accepting but uninvolved, little control or discipline
Outcomes: children tend to lack self-control and be non-compliant |
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Term
Uninvolved/Neglectful child rearing
p. 217 |
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Definition
-low acceptance and involvement, little control and general indifference to issues of autonomy
Outcomes: children prone to hostility, anti-social behavior, lack self-control |
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