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-Begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product
-Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. |
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| release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds. |
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| Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones. |
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| Study of how organisms manage their energy resources. |
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Kinetic Energy
Heat
Potential Energy
Chemical Energy |
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| Energy associated with motion |
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| Kinetic energy associated with ran |
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| Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure. |
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| Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction. |
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| the study of energy transormations |
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| isolated from is surroundings |
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energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings.
-Organism are OPEN SYSTEMS |
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| First law of Thermodynamics |
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| Energy can be transferred and transformed,but it cannot be created or destroyed. |
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| Second Law of thermodynamics |
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| Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. |
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| Biological Order and Disorder |
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Definition
Cells create ordered structures from less ordered materials( macro molecules from monomers)
-Organisms also replace ordered forms of matter and energy with less ordered forms.
-Energy flows into an ecosystem in the form of light and exits in the form of heat. |
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| energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell. |
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| Proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous. |
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| Absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is non spontaneous. |
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| The use of exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. |
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(Adenosine Triphosphate)
The cells energy shuttle
-Composed of ribose,adenine, and three phosphate groups. |
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| Three main types of work a cell does |
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1.Chemical(synthesis of polymers from monomers)
2.Transport(pumping substances across the cell membrane)
3.Mechanical(muscle contaction) |
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| phosphorylated intermediate |
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| when atp drives endergonic reactions by phosphorylatin, transfering a phosphate group to some other molecule, such as a reactant, the recipent molecule is called this |
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| a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
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| (Free Energy of Activation) the initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction. |
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| Activate Energy is lowered by active site doing.. |
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Definition
-orienting substances correctly
-straining substrate bonds
-Providing a favorable microenvironment
-Covalently bonding to the substance |
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| Enzyme Activity is affected by.. |
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Definition
1. General Envirnoment factors
2.Chemicals that specifically influence the enzyme. |
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| Effects of Temperature and Ph |
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Definition
Each anzyme has an optimal temperature in which it can function
-Each enzyme has an optimal Ph at which it can function
-Optimal conditions favor the most active shape for the enzyme molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
nonprotien enzyme helpers, may be organic or inorganic
-Organic cofactor is called coenzyme |
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