Term
| Explain the role of catabolic and anabolic pathways in cellular metabolism. |
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Definition
Catabolic: breakdown pathways (ex. cellular respiration)
Anabolic: build up pathways. |
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Term
| Distinguish between kinetic and potential energy. |
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Definition
Kinetic Energy: the energy that can be associated with the relative motion of objects.
Potential energy: Energy stored by matter as a result of its location or spatial arrangement. |
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Term
| Explain why an organism is considered an open system. |
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Definition
| Energy and matter can be transferred between its system and its surroundings. (organisms) |
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Term
| Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics in your own words. |
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Definition
First law: Energy can be transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed.
Second Law: Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. |
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Term
| Explain why highly ordered living organisms do not violate the second law of thermodynamics. |
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Definition
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Term
| Write and define each component of the equation for free-energy change. |
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Definition
The change in H symbolizes the change in the system's enthalpy.
The change in S is the change in the systems entropy.
The T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin (K) units.
The total is the change in free energy which is symbolized by the change in G. |
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Term
| Distinguish between exergonic and endergonic reactions in terms of free energy change. |
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Definition
Exergonic: a net release of free energy.
Endergonic: absorbs free energy from its surroundings. |
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Term
| Explain why metabolic disequilibrium is one of he defining features of life. |
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Definition
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Term
| LIst the three main kinds of cellular work. Explain in general terms how cells obtain the energy to do cellular work. |
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Definition
1. Mechanical work.
2. Transport work.
3. Chemical work.
Cells obtain energy to do work through energy coupling. This is the use of exergonic processes to drive an endergonic one. |
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Term
| Describe the structure of ATP and identify the major class of macromolecules to which ATP belongs. |
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Definition
| The structure of ATP includes the sugar ribose, with the nitrogenous base adenine, and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it. |
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Term
| Explain how the location of enzymes in a cell may help order metabolism. |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain why an investment of activation energy is necessary to initiate a spontaneous reaction. |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain how enzyme structure determines enzyme specificity. |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain how ATP performs cellular work. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the function of enzymes in biological systems. |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the induced-fit model of enzyme function. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the mechanisms by which enzymes lower activation energy. |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain how substrate concentration affects the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain how temperature, pH, cofactors, and enzyme inhibitors can affect enzyme activity. |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain how metabolic pathways are regulated. |
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Definition
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