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Chapter 8
Inroduction to Metabolism
20
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/22/2008

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Term
Explain the role of catabolic and anabolic pathways in cellular metabolism.
Definition
Catabolic: breakdown pathways (ex. cellular respiration)
Anabolic: build up pathways.
Term
Distinguish between kinetic and potential energy.
Definition
Kinetic Energy: the energy that can be associated with the relative motion of objects.
Potential energy: Energy stored by matter as a result of its location or spatial arrangement.
Term
Explain why an organism is considered an open system.
Definition
Energy and matter can be transferred between its system and its surroundings. (organisms)
Term
Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics in your own words.
Definition
First law: Energy can be transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed.
Second Law: Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
Term
Explain why highly ordered living organisms do not violate the second law of thermodynamics.
Definition
Term
Write and define each component of the equation for free-energy change.
Definition
The change in H symbolizes the change in the system's enthalpy.
The change in S is the change in the systems entropy.
The T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin (K) units.
The total is the change in free energy which is symbolized by the change in G.
Term
Distinguish between exergonic and endergonic reactions in terms of free energy change.
Definition
Exergonic: a net release of free energy.
Endergonic: absorbs free energy from its surroundings.
Term
Explain why metabolic disequilibrium is one of he defining features of life.
Definition
Term
LIst the three main kinds of cellular work. Explain in general terms how cells obtain the energy to do cellular work.
Definition
1. Mechanical work.
2. Transport work.
3. Chemical work.
Cells obtain energy to do work through energy coupling. This is the use of exergonic processes to drive an endergonic one.
Term
Describe the structure of ATP and identify the major class of macromolecules to which ATP belongs.
Definition
The structure of ATP includes the sugar ribose, with the nitrogenous base adenine, and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it.
Term
Explain how the location of enzymes in a cell may help order metabolism.
Definition
Term
Explain why an investment of activation energy is necessary to initiate a spontaneous reaction.
Definition
Term
Explain how enzyme structure determines enzyme specificity.
Definition
Term
Explain how ATP performs cellular work.
Definition
Term
Describe the function of enzymes in biological systems.
Definition
Term
Explain the induced-fit model of enzyme function.
Definition
Term
Describe the mechanisms by which enzymes lower activation energy.
Definition
Term
Explain how substrate concentration affects the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
Definition
Term
Explain how temperature, pH, cofactors, and enzyme inhibitors can affect enzyme activity.
Definition
Term
Explain how metabolic pathways are regulated.
Definition
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