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| research in which two or more independent variables are studied simultaneously in one experiment |
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| Complex designs are also called... |
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| involves pairing each level of one IV with each level of a second IV |
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| the effect of independent variables in combination |
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| When a complex design has both an independent groups (Between) and a repeated measures variable (within) |
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| The primary advantage of all complex designs |
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| the overall effect of each independent variable in a complex design |
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| occurs when the effect of one independent variable differs depending on the level of a second independent variable |
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| Evidence for interaction effects using descriptive statistics presented in graphs |
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| evidence for interaction effects using descriptive statistics presented in tables |
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| the presence of an interaction effect is confirmed using |
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| tables, bar graphs and line graphs |
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| three common ways of reporting descriptive statistics in a complex design |
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| most useful when the exact values need to be known |
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| bar graphs and line graphs |
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| useful for showing patterns of results without emphasizing exact results |
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| interaction effects are seen readily in this presentation |
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| If there are three or more levels for both independent variables |
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| the change from a two-factor to a three-factor design introduces the possibility of obtaining |
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| three way interaction effect |
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| when the interaction of two of the independent variables differs depending on the level of the third independent variable. |
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| main effects and interaction effects |
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| inferential stats are used to test for |
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| A statistically significant effect in a complex design is an effect associated with a probability under the null hypothesis that is less than the accepted level of |
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| used to test differences between means |
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| simple main effects analyses and comparisons of two means |
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| if the analysis of a complex design reveals a statistically significant interaction effect, the source of the interaction effect is identified using |
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| the effect of one independent variable at one level of a second independent variable |
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| to confirm whether the effects are statistically reliable, inferential statistics tests must be done, such as the |
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| t-tests and confidence intervals |
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| the source of a statistically significant main effect involving three or more means can be done by comparing them two at a time using |
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| When no interaction effect occurs in a complex design, the effects of each independent variable can be generalized across the levels of the other independent variable; thus, the external validity of the independent variable |
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| the presence of an interaction effect identifies boundaries for |
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| relevant independent variable |
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| influences behavior directly (results in a main effect) or produces an interaction effect when studied in combination with a second independent variable |
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| maximum (ceiling) or minimum (floor) |
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| When performance reaches either of these in one or more conditions of an experiment, results for an interaction effect are uninterpretable |
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| Steps for drawing causal inferences based on the natural groups design |
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1. Develop a Theory
2. Identify a Relevant Variable to Manipulate
3. Test for an Interaction |
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