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chapter 8
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46
Biology
Undergraduate 2
07/17/2008

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Term

The study of what genes are, how they carry information

Definition
Genetics
Term
A segment of DNA that encodes a functional production
Definition
DNA
Term
All of the genetic material in the cell
Definition

genome

Term

The genes of an organism

Definition

genotype

Term

Expression of the genes

Definition
Phenotype
Term
Flow of genetic information for daughter cells
Definition

Parent cell replicates and divides into 2 daughter cells

Term
Flow of genetic information for recombinant cell?
Definition
Parent cell becomes a recombinatnt cell
Term

What is the backbone of DNA?

Definition
Deoxyribose phosphate
Term
Are strands antiparallel?
Definition
Yes, they are, staring with a 5 - 3
Term
Area on the DNA where it splits and forms 2 daughter DNAs
Definition

replication fork

Term
How is DNA copied?
Definition
It is copied by DNA polymerase
Term
What direction does DNA go in?
Definition
5 - 3' direction
Term
Which strand is synthesized continously?
Definition
The leading strand
Term
Which strand is synthesized discontinouly?
Definition
Lagging strand
Term
What are okazaki fragments?
Definition
They are the pieces that complete the new DNA
Term
What direction does the lagging strand go in?
Definition
3 - 5' direction
Term
What is DNA ligase?
Definition

Joins all the okazaki fragments together

Term
What does DNA polymerase do?
Definition
It makes DNA
Term

Is DNA semiconservative and why?

Definition
Yes bc it still retains half of the original
Term
What is transcription?
Definition

When DNA is transcribe to RNA

Term
In what direction does the transcription read?
Definition
In the 5 - 3 direction
Term
When does the transcription stop?
Definition
when it reaches the terminator sequence
Term
What is translation?
Definition
When the mRNA is translated into codons (3 nucleotides)
Term
Translation of mRNA always starts with what codon?
Definition
AUG
Term
Translation of mRNA always ends with these stop codons
Definition

UAA

UAG

UGA

Term
How many possible combination are there for 3 letter codons?
Definition
64
Term
Does a ribosome wait until the codon is finish being made?
Definition
No it reads it while its being made
Term
What rides along the DNA and reads AUG and initiates the anticodon which is the opposite of AUG = UAC(Methynine)
Definition
Ribosomal units
Term

enzymes that are expressed at fix rates

Definition
Constitutive enzymes
Term
During translation, what is being made?
Definition
a polypeptide chain
Term
What is an operon
Definition
controls the mechanism on DNA
Term

Cells love clucose but if it is't available, what is the other alternative

Definition
lactose
Term
A change in the genetic material
Definition

Mutation

Term
What is a mutagen?
Definition
an agent that causes mutation
Term
What is spontaneous mutation?
Definition
Occurs in the absence of mutagen
Term

Change in one base

Definition
Base mutation
Term

Result in change

in amino acid
Definition
Missense mutation
Term
Result in a nonsense codon
Definition
nonsense mutation
Term
Insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs
Definition
frame shit mutation
Term
What can UV radiation cause?
Definition
It can cause thymine dimers
Term
What seperates thymine dimers?
Definition

Light-repair

Term

Positive direct selection

Definition
detects mutant cells bc they grow or appear different
Term
Negative indirect mutation
Definition
Detects mutant cells because they do not grow
Term
What is a replicating plate?
Definition
A replicating plate is when you use a velvet handle to make a carbon copy of a medium and if there is a missing colony, then mutation occured
Term
What is the ames test for chemical carcinogens?
Definition
its a test that takes suspected mutagen and put into a media lacking histidine and after incubation colonoies would grow but on the one that doesn't have a suspected mutagen in it forms colonies, then spontaneous mutagen occured
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