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| branch of psychology that focuses on the study of higher mental processes, including thinking, language, memory, problem solving, knowing, reasoning, jdging, and decision making. |
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| Rpersentations in the mind that resemble the object or event being represented |
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| catergorizations of objects, events, or people that share common propeties |
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formal reasoning in which people draw a conclusion from a set of assumptions. playing poker and trying to figure out what opponent is holding.
1. all professors are mortal
2. dr. rivera is a professor
3. therfore, dr. rivera is mortal |
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| a rule that, if appliead appropriately, guarantees a solution to a problem. a2+b2=c2. you know the algorithm but do not have to know the reasoning behind the algorithm |
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| a cognitive shortcut that may lead to a solution. |
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| one works at a fast food restaurant that has been robbed by teenagers many time. now everytime a teenager walks into the restuarant the person behind the counter raises their gaurd. |
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| judging the probabilty of an event on the basis of how easily the event can be recalled from memory. |
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| understanding and diagnosing problems |
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| first step in problem solving. try to understand problem thoroughly. |
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| mathematical equation or the solution to a jigsaw puzzle. both the nature of the problem and the information needed to solve it ar available and clear. |
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| how to increase morale on an assembly line or bring peace to the middle east. the specific nature of the problem may be unclear, the information required to solve the problem may be even less obvious. |
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| requires problem solver to rearrange or recombine elements in a way that will satisfy a certian criterion. |
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| problems of inducing structure |
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| a person must identify the existing relarionships among the elements presented and the construct a new relationship among them. |
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| consist of an initial state, a goal state, and a method for changing the initial state into the goal state. |
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| repeated testing for differences between desired outcome and what currently exists. |
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| the cummunication of information through symbols arranged according to sytematic rules |
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| the system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed |
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| the study of the smallest units of speech called phonemes |
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| ways in which words and phrases can be combines to form sentences |
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| the rules governing the meaning of words and sentences |
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| speechlike but meaningless sounds |
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| language comprhession preceedes language production |
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| sentences in which words not critical to the message are left out. "I show book" |
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| the phenomenon by which children appl language rules even which the application results in error. "he runned" |
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| theory suggesting that language acquisition follows tghe principles of reinforcment and conditioning. "like a child who says mama recieves a hug from mama. therfore the child will continue to say mama for hugs" |
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| linguistic-relativity hypothesis |
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| the notion that language shapes abd may determine the way people in a particular culture perceive and understand the world. |
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