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| Higher mental processes like perception, memory, language, and reasoning |
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| General term for all forms of knowing |
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| An interdisciplinary field that extends the principles of cognitive psychology to other systems that manipulate information |
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| Separate examinations of each individual element in an array, one after the other |
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| Simultaneous examinations of all elements in an array |
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Used to determine if a Parallel or Serial mental process is carried out
Limited processing resources must be spread over different mental tasks |
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| responsible for disturbing mental processes. Some have a higher demand than others (ex. Controlled processes--Automatic processes do not) |
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| Goal of cognitive science research |
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| to design experiments to confirm each components of models that combine serial and parallel, controlled and automatic |
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What people say
Complex process they go through to produce message |
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| Shaping a message to fit an audience |
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Speaker prepare to produce utterances that are appropriate to the setting and meaning of the ongoing conversation
Quantity--make contribution as information as require (but no more)
Quality--true contribution
Relation--relevant
Manner--perspicacious, avoid obscurity and ambiguity of information, brief & orderly |
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Listeners know all the speaker known
Community Membership: assumption
Copresence of Action:
Perceptual Copresence: share same perceptual event |
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determining which various meanings of a word is appropriate to the context
"disambiguating" |
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| determines which two or more structures of a sentence implies and is largely dependent on CONTEXT |
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| logical assumptions made possible by knowledge in memory |
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| Differences in language create differences in thought |
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Supported hypothesis of Satir-Whorf.
Structured differences in language paralleled by nonlinguistic cognitive thinking in different native speakers of two languages |
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| Problem solving & Reasoning |
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Requires a combination of current information & information stored in the memory
Involves goal-directed thinking |
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How a problem is defined in real life
Initial State: incomplete/unsatisfactory information for which you start
Goal State: set of information you hope to achieve
Set of operations: steps taken to move from initial to goal state |
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| step-by-step procedures that always lead to the right answer to a particular problem |
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| Short cuts used when algorithms aren't available. |
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| ask participants to verbalize ongoing thoughts |
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| a "mental block" that adversely affects problem solving by inhibiting the perception of a new function for an object |
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| process in which one draws a logical conclusion between two or more statements or premises |
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| Forms reasoning using available evidence to generate likely, but not certain, conclusions |
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| Of judgment & decision making. One process is fast, efficient, and automatic. Other is slow, deliberate, and conscious. |
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Make decisions based on readily avialable information
i. Memory can cause biased decisions
ii. Information stored in memory is often inaccurate |
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People use past information about similar present circumstances
(i)It causes you to ignore other relevant information.
(ii) You fail to be guided by accurate representations. |
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particular description of a choice (in terms of gains or losses to influence choice)
After regret people ponder later decisions more |
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