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Chapter 8
Acquiring, Processing, and Retaining Information
27
Psychology
12th Grade
10/27/2009
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Term
attention
 Definition
Alert focusing on material.
Term
learning curve
 Definition
A gradual upward slope representing increased retention of material as the result of learning.
Term
state-dependent learning
 Definition
The fact that material learned in one chemical state is best reproduced when the same state occurs again.
Term
transfer of training
 Definition
A learning process in which learning is moved from one task to another based on similarities between the tasks.
Term
positive transfer
 Definition
A transfer of learning that results from similarities between two tasks.
Term
negative transfer
 Definition
An interference with learning due to differences between two otherwise similar tasks.
Term
information processing
 Definition
The methods by which we take in, analyze, store, and retrieve material.
Term
schema
 Definition
An organized and systematic approach to answering questions or solving problems.
Term
elaboration
 Definition
The process of attaching a maximum number of associations to a basic concept or other material to be learned so that it can be retrieved more easily.
Term
mnemonic devices
 Definition
Unusual associations made to material to aid memory.
Term
principle learning
 Definition
A method of learning in which an overall view (principle) of the material to be learned is developed so that the material is better organized.
Term
chunking
 Definition
Putting things into clusters of "chunks" so that items learned are in groups, rather than separate.
Term
7-9
 Definition
The average number of things a person can hold in their short term memory at one time.
Term
forgetting
 Definition
An increase in errors when trying to bring material back from memory.
Term
overlearning
 Definition
The process of learning something beyond one perfect recitation so that the forgetting curve will have no effect; the development of perfect retention.
Term
forgetting curve
 Definition
Graphic representation of speed and amount of forgetting that occurs.
Term
recall
 Definition
The ability to bring back and integrate many specific learned details.
Term
recognition
 Definition
The ability to pick the correct object or event from a list of choices.
Term
interference theory
 Definition
The belief that we forget because new and old material conflict (interfere) with one another.
Term
amnesia
 Definition
The blocking of older memories and/or the loss of new ones.
Term
short-term memory
 Definition
The memory system that retains information for a few seconds to a few minutes.
Term
long-term memory
 Definition
The memory system that retains information for hours, days, weeks, months, decades.
Term
sensory memory system
 Definition
Direct receivers of information from the environment - for example, iconic, acoustic.
Term
iconic memory
 Definition
A very brief visual memory that can be sent to the STM.
Term
acoustic memory
 Definition
A very brief sound memory that can be sent to the STM.
Term
anterograde amnesia
 Definition
After a traumatic event of some sort, a person is unable to retain new memories. Everything which occurred before the event is still retained.
Term
eidetic imagery
 Definition
An iconic memory lasting a minute or so that keeps images "in front of the person" so objects can be counted or analyzed. Also called photographic memory.
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