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| ap, spike, nerve impulse, conduction signal |
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| cell soma, nerve cell body |
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| association neuron, lie entirely within the CNS |
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| rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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| nissl substance, nissl body |
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| afferent neuron, a nerve that passes impulses from receptors toward or to the central nervous system |
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consists of brain and spinal cord
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| Peripheral nervous system |
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| consists of sensory neurons and efferent neuron: a nerve that conveys impulses toward or to muscles or glands |
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| Efferent branch of nervous system that controls skeletal muscles |
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| controls cardiac and smooth muscle. Also, exocrine and endocrine glands |
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| Division of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for day-to-day activities |
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| Its general action is to mobilize the body's resources under stress; to induce the flight-or-fight response. It is, however, constantly active at a basal level in order to maintain homeostasis |
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| Neurons in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract that are capable of sensing and integrating information and carrying out a response without input from the CNS |
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| Thin, branched processes that receive and transfer incoming information to an integrating region within the neuron |
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| An extension of a neuron that carries signals to the target cell |
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| Neuron Classification (By Form) |
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- pseudounipolar: axon and dendrites fuse to make one long process
- bipolar: single axon, single dendrite
- multipolar: multiple axons and dendrites
- axonomic: lacking axon
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| Region where a neuron meets its target cell |
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| store and release neurotrnasmitter |
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| can carry afferent signals (sensory), efferent signals (motor), or both (mixed nerves) |
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Projections of the dendrite membrane that increase surface area |
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Region of the axon where it joins the cell body. Often contains the trigger zone |
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| The distal end of a neuron where neurotransmitter is released into a synapse. Contains mitochondria and membrane bound vesicles filled with neurocine molecules. |
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| The cell releasing neurotransmitter into a chemical synapse |
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The target cell at a synapse |
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| The space between the pre- and post-synaptic cells |
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| only in pns, form myelin for insulation. one scwann cell per axon. One axon can have several schwann cells |
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| PNS only. non myelinating. provide support in the ganglia. |
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| CNS only form myelin/ insulate signal |
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CNS only. Highly branched. Take up and release chemicals at the synapse.
Provide substrates for ATP production, maintain homeostasis by taking up water and K+, provide blood brain barrier. |
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| specialized immune cells that reside permanently in the CNS. Can release reactive oxygen species in response to infection which can contribute to neurodegenerative diease such as ALS (lou Gherig's disease) |
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| CNS only. create selectively permeable epithelial layer called the ependyma. It is a source of Adult stem cells. |
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| the ease with which ions flow through a channel |
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| Minimum depolarization required to initiate an action potential |
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A change in membrane potential whose magnitude is proportional to the stimulus and that decreases with distance as it spreads through the cytoplasm |
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Rapid and uniform electrical signal conducted down an axon to the axon terminal or along the membrane of a muscle fiber |
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| The slow gate of the Na^+ channel that closes to stop ion flow |
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| relative refractory period |
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| A period of time immediately following an action potential during which a higher-than-normal graded potential is required to start another action potential |
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| Synapse where electrical signals pass directly from cell to cell through gap junctions |
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| Synapse that uses neurotransmitters to pass information to the target cell |
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| Neurotransmitter used by neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system |
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| Neurons that secret ACh and receptors the bind ACh |
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| Dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine. |
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| alter ion channel function |
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| receptors that work through second messenger systems |
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| A few presynaptic neurons branch to affect a larger number of postsynaptic neurons |
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| A number of presynaptic neurons provide input to a smaller number of postsynaptic neurons |
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| Summation of graded potentials from several nearly simulataneous sources |
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| Multiple signals in a postsynaptic cell combine to create a single integrated signal. If one is excitatory and the other inhibitory they cancel each other out. |
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