Term
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Definition
| Inherited factors that are stable and enduring; underlie and support activity across the entire spectrum of human behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
Cognitive
Physical
Personality
Emotional |
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Definition
Mathematical ability
Linguistic ability
Abstract reasoning
Artistic expression
Musical ability |
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Definition
Height
Body somatotype
Muscle composition
Kinesthesis
Handedness
Perceptual abilities
Motor abilities |
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Definition
Interpersonal Skills
Self-awareness
Motivation
Behavioral control
Aggression |
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Definition
Feelings
Interests
Curiosity
Empathy
Maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| A ranking indicating a person's position among the general population of people; equal to the percentage of persons below him/her in strength of the trait. |
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Term
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Definition
The tendency for
-individuals w/-in a population to cluster about the average value on any given measurement of trait strength,
-progressively fewer individuals to exhibit measurements of either high or low trait strength as distance increases from the norm. |
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Term
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Definition
A trait that specifically supports the performance of motor skills.
Stable, cannot be changed.
Inherited, genetically determined.
Relatively few (40-50?)
People possess all abilities.
Support the performance of skills
Not directly observable or manifested as behaviors
Do not act directly on environment |
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Term
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Definition
Changeable, can be improved with practice.
Acquired through practice or experience.
Many (1000s)
People possess relatively few of the many skills available.
Depends on differing subsets of abilities
Observable and manifested as behaviors
Act directly on environment. |
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Term
| Fleishman's Taxonomy of Motor Abilities |
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Definition
| A widely used classification of motor abilities ID'ing 21 separate abilities. |
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Term
| Fleishman's Perceptual-Motor Abilities |
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Definition
Multilimb coordination
Control precision
Response Orientation
Rate Control
Manual Dexterity
Finger dexterity
Arm-hand steadiness
Wrist-finger speed
Aiming |
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Term
| Fleishman's Physical Proficiency Abilities |
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Definition
Explosive Strength
Static Strength
Dynamic Strength
Trunk Strength
Extent Flexibility
Dynamic Flexibility
Gross Body Equilibrium
Balance with Visual Cues
Speed of Limb Movement
Gross Body Coordination
Stamina |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to coordinate movement of a number of limbs simultaneously (Serving a tennis ball or playing the piano. |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to make highly controlled movement adjustments, particularly when large muscle groups involved. (operating a bulldozer) |
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Definition
| ability to make quick choices among numerous alternative actions, often measured as choice reaction time. (goalies in hockey or soccer) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to produce continuous anticipatory movement adjustments in response to changes in the speed of a continuously moving target or object (high-speed auto racing or white-water canoeing) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to manipulate relatively large objects with the hands and arms (package handling) |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to manipulate small objects (threading a needle or eating spaghetti with a fork and spoon) |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to make precise arm and hand positioning movements where strength and speed are not required. (carrying a tray of food and dispensing contents without incident) |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to rapidly move the wrist and fingers with little or no accuracy demands (playing the bongo drums or keyboard entry tasks) |
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Term
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Definition
| highly restricted type of ability requiring production of accurate hand movements to targets under speeded conditions (hitting a target with a rapid throw of a dart) |
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Term
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Definition
ability to expend a maximum of energy in one explosive act.
advantageous in activities requiring a person to project his or her body or some object as high or far as possible.
Important for mobilizing force against the ground.
Examples: shot putt, javelin, long jump, high jump, 100m dash |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to exert force against a relatively heavy weight or some fairly immovable object. (near maximum leg and arm presses in weightlifting or moving a piano) |
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Definition
| ability to repeatedly or continuously move or support the weight of the body (climbing a rope and performing on the still rings in gymnastics) |
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Definition
| Dynamic strength particular to the trunk and abdominal muscles (leg lifts and performing on the pommel horse) |
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Definition
| Ability to extend or stretch the body as far as possible in various directions (yoga) |
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Definition
| Ability to make repeated, rapid movements requiring muscle flexibility (ballet dancers and gymnasts) |
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Definition
| Ability to maintain total body balance in the absence of vision (circus performers attempting to walk across a tightrope while blindfolded) |
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Definition
| ability to maintain total body balance when visual cues are available. (gymnasts on the balance beam) |
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Definition
| ability to move the arms/legs quickly, but without a reaction-time stimulus, to minimize movement time (throwing a fast ball in baseball or rapidly moving the legs when tap dancing/clogging) |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to perform a number of complex movements simultaneously (ice hockey players--skate and stick-handle at the same time--or circus performers juggling duckpins while riding a unicycle across a tightrope) |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to exert the entire body for a prolonged period of time; a kind of cardiovascular endurance (distance runners and cyclists) |
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Term
| Motor Abilities by Keele and Colleagues |
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Definition
Movement rate
Motor timing
Perceptual timing
Force control |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to move the arms/legs quickly, but without a reaction-time stimulus, to minimize movement time in situations where a series of movements must be made at maximum speed (typing or keyboarding) |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to perform tasks in which accurately timed movements are essential (most open sport skills, driving an automobile in traffic, stepping on a moving escalator, or playing drums in a band) |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to perform tasks in which accurate judgements about the time course of perceptual events are required (making judgements about the timing of a musical score by a ballet dancer or vocalist, timing a partner's movements in pairs dancing or a horse's movements in horse racing) |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to perform tasks in which forces of varying degrees are needed to achieve the desired outcome (changing mood or emphasis when a musical instrument, billiards, figure skating, floor exercise in gymnastics) |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual who appears to excel at most motor activities he/she attempts |
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Term
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Definition
| A single global factor is responsible for the relative strength of all motor abilities. |
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Term
| Generalized motor abilities hypothesis |
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Definition
Motor abilities are positively correlated; a person's percentile rank in one motor ability is fairly similar to his/her comparative ranking in all other motor abilities.
All individual motor abilities are highly related to one another.
A singular global ability is responsible for determining the strength of each individual ability.
People are generally capable of performing all motor skills at similar levels of proficiency. |
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Term
| Specificity of motor abilities hypothesis |
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Definition
Motor abilities are not significantly correlated; a person's percentile rank in one motor ability does not predict his/her ranking for any other motor ability.
All motor abilities are relatively independent.
The relative strength of a person's individual motor abilities varies unpredictably and can range widely.
People will typically possess different capabilities relative to the potential for proficiency in different motor skills. |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree of association between two things; the percentage of component parts the two things have in common; the strength of a correlation is mathematically expressed as a number ranging from -1 to +1 |
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Term
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Definition
| a complete lack of association between 2 things, such that changes in the value of the first are not accompanied by any predictable changes in the value of the second. |
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Term
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Definition
| A correlation between two things such that increases in the value of the first are accompanied by increases in the value of the second. |
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Term
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Definition
| a correlation between two things such that increases in the value of the first are accompanied by decreases in the value of the second. |
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Term
| Strength of Correlation between 2 Variables |
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Definition
Negligible relationship (0.01-0.20)
Low relationship (0.21-0.40)
Moderate relationship (0.41-0.70)
Marked relationship (0.71-0.90)
Very strong relationship (0.91-0.99)
Perfect relationship (1.00)
NOTE: a minmimum correlation coefficient allowing valid predictability = 0.85. For negative correlation coefficients, the same relationships exist but are inversed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A single factor underlies all motor skills; an individual possesses the same performance potential in all skills. |
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Term
| Regression toward the mean |
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Definition
| The intergenerational tendency for individuals, regardless of their parents' trait characteristics, to move toward the 50th percentile rank on specific motor abilities. |
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Term
| Fallacy of observed correlation |
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Definition
| the tendency to draw conclusions based only upon relationships that can be readily observed. |
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Term
| Factors Contributing to Differences in Movement Skill Proficiency |
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Definition
Abilities (reaction time, finger dexterity, stamina)
Attitudes (open, closed, neutral)
Body Type (stocky, tall, lean, muscular, round)
Cultural background (ethnicity, race, religion, socioeconomic status)
Emotional makeup (boredom, excitement, fear, joy)
Fitness level (low, moderate, high)
Learning style (visual, verbal, kinesthetic)
Maturational level (immature, intermediate, mature)
Motivational Level (low, moderate, high)
Previous social experience (one on one, small group, large group)
Prior movement experience (recreational, instructional, competitive)
Social reference group (nonathletic, moderately athletic, athletic)
Parental encouragement (low, moderate, high)
Parental instruction (none, moderate, extensive) |
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