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| the totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways |
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| a metabolic pathway thatreleases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds |
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| a metabolic pathway that synthesizes a complex molecule from simpler compounds |
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| the flow of energy through an animl, taking into account the energy stored in the food it consumes,the energy used for basic funtions, activity growth, reproduction, and regulation, and the energy lost to the enviroment as heat or in waste |
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| the energy ofmotion, which is directly related to the speed of that motion. moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter |
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| the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter |
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| the energy stored by matter as a result of its location or spatial arrangement |
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| energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules; a form of potential energy |
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| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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| the principle of conservation of energy. energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed |
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| a quatitative measure of disorder or randomness |
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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| the principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. ordered forms of energy are at least pertly converted to heat, and in spontaneous reactions, the free energy or the system also decreases |
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| the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temp. and pressure are uniform throughout the system. |
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| a spontaneous chem. reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy |
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| a non-spontaneous chem. reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings |
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| in cellular metabolism, the use ofenergy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction |
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| an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. this energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells |
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| referring o a molecule that has been therecipiet of a phosphate group |
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| a chem. agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
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| a prtoein serving as a catalyst |
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| Free Energy of Activation/Activation Energy |
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Definition
| the amount of energy that reactants must absor befrore a chem. reaction will start |
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| the reactant on which an enzyme works |
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| a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecules |
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| the specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chem. bonds |
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| the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate |
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Definition
| any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper funtioning of an enzyme |
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| an organic molecule serving as a cofactor |
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| a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics |
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| Noncompetitive Inhibitors |
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Definition
| a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate |
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