Term
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Definition
| Slide 9, 10, 31, 39, 44/45, 58 |
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Term
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Definition
| An electrical potential recorded from an electrode placed on a muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| And electrical potential from the eyes; detects eye movements |
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Definition
| Smooth; state of relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
| Irregular; state of arousal |
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Term
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Definition
Transition b/w wake and sleep
-Theta waves |
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Term
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Definition
10 minutes after stage 1
-Theta waves
-If awakened, you might not report that you were sleeping |
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Term
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Definition
Short bursts of waves
-Occur during stages 1-4
-2-5 per minute |
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Term
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Definition
Sudden, sharp waves
-Occur during stage 2
-1 per minute OR after loud noises |
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Term
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Definition
15 minutes after Stage 2
-Delta waves (20-50% of the time) |
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Term
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Definition
20 minutes after stage 3
-Delta waves (>50% of the time)
-Deepest sleep |
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Term
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Definition
45 minutes after stage 4/90 minutes after beginning of sleep
-Theta and Beta waves
-Muscles paralyzed
-Report dreams |
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Term
| Where in the brain is the biological clock? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Not a disease, but may be a symptom of pain, discomfort, or physical ailment
-Affects about 25% occasionally, 9% regularly |
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Term
| What is one of the most important causes of insomnia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three symptoms of narcolepsy? |
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Definition
| An irresistible urge to sleep (sleep attack); cataplexy, sleep paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
A sudden urge to sleep
-sleep for 2-5 minutes and wake up refreshed
-usually happens under boring conditions |
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Term
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Definition
Complete paralysis that occurs during wakefulness
-fully conscious
-occurs during extreme emotional reactions |
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Term
| Hypnagogic hallucinations |
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Definition
Occur during sleep paralysis
-dreaming while lying awake |
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Term
| What is hypocretin's relationship to narcolepsy? |
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Definition
| Destruction of these causes narcolepsy |
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Term
| What is hypocretin also known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| REM sleep behavior disorder |
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Definition
| Person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep- acts out dreams |
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Term
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Definition
A fatal inherited disorder
-characterized by progressive insomnia |
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Term
| Rebound phenomenon (define & example) |
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Definition
The increased frequency/intensity of a phenomenon after it has been temporarily suppressed
-after REM deprivation, there is an increase in REM sleep |
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Term
| What are the 3 problems associated with slow-wave sleep? |
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Definition
-Bed wetting
-Sleepwalking
-Night terrors |
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Term
| What are the effects of slow-wave sleep deprivation? |
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Definition
Cognitive abilities are affected
-trouble concentrating
-perceptual distortions
-hallucinations |
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Term
| What effect does exercise have on slow-wave sleep, and what does this imply? |
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Definition
No relationship b/w exercise and the amount of slow-wave sleep
-implies that the primary function of slow-wave sleep is not to provide the body with rest |
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Term
| What effect does mental activity have on sleep, and what does this imply? |
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Definition
If a part of the brain is stimulated during wakefulness, that part will show more delta waves during slow-wave sleep
-implies that slow-wave sleep provides the brain with rest |
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Term
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Definition
Occur during slow-wave sleep
-the presence of delta waves in a part of the brain indicate that it is resting |
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Term
| What percentage of sleep in newborns vs. adults is REM sleep, and what does this imply? |
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Definition
Newborns ~70%
Adults ~15%
-Implies that REM sleep is important for learning |
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Term
| What are the 2 hypotheses for the function of REM sleep? |
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Definition
-Integrates the day's memories with existing memories
-Flushes useless memories |
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Term
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Definition
One of the most important NT involved in arousal
-produce activation and cortical desynchrony when stimulated
-highest activity during wakefulness and REM sleep |
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Term
| Where in the brain are the two groups of ACh neurons located? |
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Definition
-Basal forebrain
-Pons (LDT, PPT) |
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Term
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Definition
Catecholamine agonists that produce arousal and sleeplessness
-these effects are caused by the locus coeruleus |
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Term
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Definition
A group of noradrenergic cell bodies in the pons
-involved in arousal and vigilance |
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Term
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Definition
Play a role in activating behavior
-mostly found in the raphe nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
An amino acid that is involved in the control of wakefulness/arousal
-active during wakefulness
-low during slow-wave/REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains histamine neurons involved in cortical activation and behavioral arousal |
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Term
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Definition
A peptide
-Produced by neurons whose cell bodies are in the hypothalamus
-excitatory, wakefulness-promoting effect
-active during wakefulness, inhibited during sleep |
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Term
| Ventrolateral Preoptic Area (VLPA) |
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Definition
| A group of GABA neurons that suppress alertness/behavioral arousal and promote slow-wave sleep |
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Term
| PGO wave (pontine, geniculate, occipital) |
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Definition
Bursts of electrical activity starting in the pons, and going to the LGN and visual cortex
-in REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
Contains ACh neurons that are involved in the initiation of REM sleep
-located in the dorsolateral pons |
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Term
| What three parts of the brain are involved in the initiation of REM sleep? |
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Definition
-Peribrachial area
-MPRF
-Magnocellular nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
Contains neurons involved in the initation of REM sleep
-activated by ACh neurons of the peribrachial area |
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Term
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Definition
Involved in the paralysis in REM sleep
-in the medulla |
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Term
| Suprechiasmatic nucleus (SCN) |
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Definition
Contains biological clock that organizes many of the body's circadian rhythms
-located in the hypothalamus on top of the optic chiasm |
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Term
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Definition
| A photopigment in the ganglion cells in the retina that projects info to the SCN |
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Term
| Effects of lesions to the SCN (2) |
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Definition
-Eliminates circadian rhythm
-Sleep pattern disrupted, but not amount of sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus (usually light) that resets the biological clock |
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Term
| Effect of lesions to retina or optic nerve (remove zeitgebers) |
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Definition
| -Circadian behaviors are "free-running", not entrained |
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Term
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Definition
Produces melatonin and plays a role in circadian/seasonal rhythms
-attached to the dorsal tectum |
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Term
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Definition
Plays a role in circadian/seasonal rhythms
-secreted at night by the pineal gland |
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