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Chapter 8 - Precipitation Reactions
immunology
45
Science
Undergraduate 2
03/05/2010

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Term
Affinity
Definition
Affinity is the initial force between one Fab site and one epitope.  The bonds may be weak and be cross-reacting.
Term
Avidity
Definition

The strength with a multibalent antibody binds with a multivalent antigen. 

Increase avidity=increase stability.

Term
Zone of Equilvalence
Definition

Optimal amounts of antigen and antibody. 

A lattice forms and immune complexes become visible.

Term
Prozone
Definition

Exces antibody.

False - reactions

 

Term
Post Zone
Definition

Excess antigen

True - results

Term
Turbidimetry
Definition

Absorbance units.

Laser light is scattered by precipitates in a liquad.

Term
Nephelometry
Definition

Measures amount of light that's scattered at an angle.

Rapid and sensitive.

IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, and C4

Term
RID - Radial Immuno Diffusion
Definition

Antibody added to gel, antigen inserted into a well.

Precipitation occurs in a ring.

Ring is proportional to the amount of antigen.

Term
Double Diffusion - Ouchterlony
Definition

Antigen & Antibody inserted in plain gel.

Diffusion

Line of precip forms:

 

Identity - Sad Face

Non Ientity - Cross

Partial Identity - spur points to simplar antigen

Term
Electrophoretic Technique - Rocket(Laurel)
Definition

1) Atb in gel

2) Sampe placed in gel

3) Current applied = Rocket

4) Precip = to Antigen

5) Useful for Ig's, complement in serum, urine, and CSF

Term
Immuno Electro Phoresis (IEP)
Definition

electrophoresis & double diffusion

Anti - serum placed in troph, cut into gel

Precip = arc

 

Term
Immuno Fixation Electrophoresis (IFE)
Definition

Anti-serum on strip

Complexes form and stained

Best for Western blot and HIV

Term
Agglutination
Definition
Cross linking of soluble antibodya nd insoluble of particulate antigen.
Term

Sensitization

 

 

Affected by

Definition

Affinity & Avidity

IgM

Antigen:Antibody

Steric Hindrance

Term

Lattice Formation

Forms when

Definition

A bivalent antibody combines with multiple antigen sites then;

 

 

Antibody combines with 2nd antibody

then combines with 2nd antigen

 

This continues until the complex is large it becomed affect by the environment and then concen. of antigen and antibody

 

 

Term

Enhancement of Lattice

Definition
  1. LISS to decrease iconic strength or albumin to increase viscosity
  2. Centrifuging
  3. IgG=37      IgM = room temp
  4. Enzymes
  5. AHG

 

Term

Direct Agglutination

Definition
Uses antigens found naturally on the surface of cells(RBCs & bacteria)
Term
Passive Agglutination
Definition
The antigen is attached to a carrier like latex and charcle.
Term
AHG - "Coombs"
Definition
Reacts with the Fc of antibody attached to red cells and bridges the gap between IgG molecules.
Term
AHG Tests
Definition
  1. DAT - Direct Antiglobulin Testing

2.  IAT - Indirect Antiglobulin Testing

 

 

Term
DAT
Definition

AHG can be antibody to both IgG and/or comlement

 

Test cells directly from the body

 

+ = IgG & complement attaching to Red cells because of 4 Conditions

Term
Conditions of Pos. DAT
Definition

1.  Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

 

2.  HDN

 

3.  Drug induced Hemolyic Anemia

 

4.  Transfusion Reaction

Term
IAT - Indirect Antiglobulin Testing
Definition

Tests for IgG in serum or antigens on Red Cells

 

1) RBC + antibody + 37

 

2)  Wash then add AHG

 

Detects alloantibodies and red cells antigens

Term
AHG - False Pos.
Definition
  1. Over centrifuging
  2. Contamination
  3. Cross-reactivity
  4. Delay in reading results
Term
AHG - False Negatives
Definition
  1. Under centrifuging
  2. Prozone
  3. Underwashing
  4. Inactive reagents
  5. Delayed testing
  6. Incorrect incubation
  7. Forgetting AHG
Term
Hypersensitivity
Definition

Exposure to antigen numerous times

 

Build up of antigens = Positive

Tissue Damage = Negative

Term
Type 1 - Immediate, Allergic, Anaphylatic
Definition

Antigen reacts w/ antigen, releases physiological subs.

Anaphylactic allergies - produce large amts. of IgE

2 IgE = cross link = ruptured cell

Mediators are then released

 

Term
Tests for Type 1
Definition

Vivo - skin prick/Intradermal test

 

Vitro - RIST & RAST

 

RIST - total IgE

RAST - quantitate IgE

Term
Type 2 - Cytotoxic
Definition

IgG & IgM binding to auto & allo

Complement activated

Antbody or C3b = opsonin

Term
Cold Reacting
Definition

Elderly = virus, leukemias, pnemonias

Children = viral

IgM, reacts at 30* or lower

Term
Warm Reacting
Definition

IgG(37*)

Autoimmune diseases or virus'

Term
Good Pastures Syndrome
Definition
Antibody produed that reacts with basement membranes in two organs
Term
ITP - Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Definition

Autoimmune Disease

 

Increase platelet destruction & decrease platelet survival

Term
Type 3 - Immune Complex
Definition

Occurs when antibody reacts with soluble antigen

 

IgG or IgM

Complexes deposit in tissue = inflammation

Antigens = drugs, bacteria, or auto-antigens

Lungs, Kidneys, Joints

 

Term
Arthus Reaction
Definition

Animals

 

Complexes deposit in blood vessels

Inflammation in blood vessels

Term
Serum Sickness
Definition

Passie immunization with animal based serum

One dose can cause symptoms (N&V)

Complexes deposit in tissues

Term
Rhematoid
Definition
Produce an IgM antibody to IgG
Term
S.L.E. - Lupis
Definition
Produce anitbodies to DNA
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
The host tissue is damaged, cells that are too large to phagocytize, granules & chemicals are released and cause scaring
Term
Type 3 Testing
Definition

Measure complement

 

Latex agglutination reactions

 

Stain tissues with flourecent

Term
Type 4 - Delayed Hypersensitivity
Definition

Mediated by cells

antibody & complement not involved

Term
Contact
Definition

Direct skin contact

2nd incounter = swelling, itching

Poison Ivy

Senitizors = leaves of plant

Occupational exposure

Term
Mantoux Test
Definition

PPD injected into skin

Pos. test = previous exposure

Red after 72hrs

5mm of red = pos.

May be caused by related organism

 

Term
Granulomatious Hypersensitivity
Definition

Organism in macrophage can't be destoryed

Granulomas form and surround lymphs

TB, leporcy, fungus, and parasites

 

Term
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Definition

Allergic disease of the lung, inflammed tissues

T cells respond to inhaled substances

Dry cough, shortness of breath

Tobacco, cheese, mold, bird droppings

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