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| a politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign goverment and is recognized by a significant portion of the international community. a state has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and is recognized by other states. |
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| in political geography, a countrys or more local communitys sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended. see more generally human territorality. |
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| a principle of international relations that holds that final authority over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the legitamite rulers of independant states. |
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| the right of a state to defend soverign territory against incurrsion from other states. |
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| peace negotiated in 1648 to end the thirty years war, europes most destructive internal struggle over religion. the treaties contained new language recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security. |
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| in a general sense associated with the promotion of commercialism and trade. more specifically, a protectionist policy of european states during the 16th to the 18th centuries that promoted a states economic position in the contest with other countries. the acquisition of gold and silver and the maintenance of a favorable trade balance were central to the policy. |
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| legally, a term encompassing all the citizens of a state. most definitions now tend to refer to a tightly knit group of people possesing bonds of language, ethnicity, religion, and other shared cultural attributes. such homogeneity actually prevails within very few states. |
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| theoretically a recognized member of the modern state system possessing formal sovereighty and occupied by a people who see themselves as single, united nation. most nations and states aspire to this form, but it is realized almost nowhere. nonethless in common pariance nation-state is used as a synonym for country or state. |
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| government based on the principle that the people are the ultimate sovereign and have the final say over what happens within the state. |
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| state with more than one nation within borders. |
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| nation that does not have a state. |
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| rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien people and place. although often established and maintained through political structures, colonialism also creates unequal cultural and economic relations. because of the magnitude and impact of the european colonial project of the last few centuries, the term is generally understood to refer to that particular colonial endeavor. |
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a sociologist with lost of research on world systems and his theories.
1. the world economy has one market and a global division of labor.
2.although the world has multiple states,almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy.
3. the world economy has a three-tier structure. |
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| the process through which something is given monetary value. commodification occurs when a good or idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be brought and sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that can be traded in a market economy. |
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| processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries and more technology; generate more wealth than periphery processes in the world-economy. |
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| with referance to wallerstein's world systems theory the division of the world into the core, the periphery, and the semi-periphery as a means to help explain the interconnections between places in the global economy. |
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| processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology; and generate less wealth than core processes in the world economy. |
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| places where core and periphary processes are both occuring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery. |
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| forces that tend to unify a country - such as widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives and a commen faith. |
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| forces that tend to divide a country - such as internal religious, lingusistic, ethnic, or ideological diffrences. |
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state.
a nation-state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state. |
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| a political territorial system wherein a central government represents the various entities within a nation state where they have commen intrests - defense, forgein affairs, and the like - yet allows these various entities to retain their own identities and to have their own laws, polocies, and customs in cerian spheres. |
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| the process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political stregnth and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government. |
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| redistricting for advantage or the practice of dividing areas into electoral districts to give one political party an electoral majority in a large number of districts while concentrating the voting stregnth of the opposition in as few districts as possible. |
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| vertical plane between states that cuts through the rocks below, and the airspace above the surface. |
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| political boundary defined and delimited as a straight line or an arc. |
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territorial representation |
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| system wherein each representative is elected from a territorally defined district. |
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| process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district ecompasses aproximately the same number of people. |
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majority-minority districts |
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| in the context of determining representative districts, the process by which a majority or the population is from the minority. |
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political-physical boundaries |
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political boundary defined and delimited by a prominent physical feature in the natural landscape- such as a river or the crest ridges of a mountian range.
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supranational organization |
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| a venture involving three or more nation states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. the european union is one such organization. |
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| world order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision making process. |
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| process by which geopolititions deconstruct and focus on explaining the underlying spatial assumptions and territorial perspectives of politicians. |
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| a geopolitical hypothesis, proposed by british geographer mackinder during the first two decades of the 20th century that any political power based in the heart of eurasia could gain sufficient stregnth to eventually dominate the world. mackinder further proposed that since eastern europe controlled access to the eurasian interior its ruler would command the vast heartland to the east. |
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| the interplay among geography,power, and politics and international relations. |
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