Term
| A __________ is a reaction in which an alkene reacts with water in the presence of a strongly acidic catalyst to form an __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| A hydration reaction is when an alkene reacts with __________ in the presence of a strongly __________ catalyst to form an alcohol. |
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Definition
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Term
| A hydration reaction features a __________ atom adding to one carbon and a __________ group adding to another. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hydration of an alkene is the reverse of the __________ of alcohols. |
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Definition
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Term
For dehydrating alcohols, a concentrated dehydrating __________ (such as __________ or __________) is used to drive the equilibrium to favor the __________.
Hydration of an alkene, on the other hand, is accomplished by adding excess __________ to drive the equilibrium toward the __________. |
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Definition
1) Acid
2) H2SO4 or H3PO4
3) Alkene
4) Water
5) Alcohol |
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Term
| The __________ __________ __________ __________ states that a forward reaction and a reverse reaction taking place under the same conditions (as in an equilibrium) must follow the same reaction pathway in microscopic detail. |
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Definition
| 1) Principle of microscopic reversibility |
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Term
| According to the __________ __________ ____________________, we can write the hydration mechanism of an alkene by reversing the order of the steps of the __________: protonation of the double bond forms a __________. Nucleophilic attack by water followed by loss of a proton gives the __________. |
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Definition
1) Principle of microscopic reversibility
2) Dehydration
3) Carbocation
4) Alcohol |
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Term
*Mechanism 8-4: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of an Alkene*
Step 1: Protonation of the double bond forms a __________.
Step 2: Nucleophilic attack by __________ gives a protonated alcohol.
Step 3: Deprotonation gives the __________. |
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Definition
1) Carbocation
2) Water
3) Alcohol |
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Term
Orientation of Hydration:
Step 1 of the hydration mechanism is similar to the first step in the addition of HBr: the proton adds to the (less/more) substituted end of the double bond to form the (less/more) substituted carbocation.
__________ attacks the carbocation to give (after loss of a proton) the __________ with the hydroxyl group on the (less/more) substituted carbon. |
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Definition
1) Less
2) More
3) Water
4) Alcohol
5) More |
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Term
| Similar to the addition of hydrogen halides, hydration is __________: it follows __________ __________, giving a product in which the new hydrogen has added to the (less/more) substituted end of the double bond. |
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Definition
1) Regioselective
2) Markovnikov's rule
3) Less |
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Term
| Reactions that follow Markovnikov's rule will generally feature a __________ adding to the (less/more) substituted end of a double bond, with the remaining functional group attaching to the (less/more) substituted end. |
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Definition
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Term
| Like other reactions that involve carbocation intermediates, hydration may take place with __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Any reaction that features a carbocation can generally undergo __________. |
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Definition
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