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| A membrane that surrounds a cell, separating it from the external environment and selectively regulating passage of molecules and ions into and out of the cell. Also called the cell membrane. |
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| The shape and appearance of an organism's body and its component parts. |
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| The evolutionary history of a group of organisms. |
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| gene-carrying structure consisting of a single long molecule of DNA and associated proteins. Most prokaryotic cells contain a single, circular chromosome;eukaryotic cells contain multiple noncircular (linear) chromosomes located in the nucleus. |
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| a section of DNA (or RNA, for some viruses) that encodes information for building one or more related polypeptides or functional RNA molecules along with the regulatory sequences required for its transcription. |
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| in prokaryotic cells, a dense, centrally located region that contains DNA but is not surrounded by a membrane. |
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| a small, usually circular, supercoiled DNA molecule independent of the cell's main chromosome(s) in prokaryotes and some eukaryotes. |
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| a large complex structure that synthesizes proteins by using the genetic information encoded in messenger RNA strands. Consists of two subunits, each composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins. |
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| any discrete, membrane-bound structure within a cell (eg. mitochondrion) that has a characteristic structure and functions. |
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| 1. One of the most popular swear/cuss/curse words/profanities 2. another word Feces. Poop. Dookie. Scheisse. Poo Poo. Brownies. |
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| in eukaryotic cells, a network of protein fibers in cytoplasm that are involved in cell shape, support, locomotion, and transport of materials within the cell. Prokaryotic cells have a similar but much less extensive network of fibers. |
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| all of the contents of a cell, exploding the nucleus, bounded by the plasma membrane. |
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| a long, cellular projection that undulates (in eukaryotes) or rotates (in prokaryotes) to move the cell through an aqueous environment. |
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| a fibrous layer found outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria and archaea and many eukaryotes. |
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| any lipid molecule that is covalently bonded to a carbohydrate group |
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| 1. The center of an atom, containing protons and neutrons. 2. In eukaryotic cells, the large organelle containing the chromosomes and surrounded by a double membrane. 3. a discrete clump of neuron cell bodies in the brain, usually sharing a distinct function. |
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| the double-layered membrane enclosing the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. |
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| intermediate filaments that make up the nuclear lamina layer-- a lattice-like layer inside the nuclear envelope that stiffens the structure. |
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| in eukaryotic cels, specialized structure in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA processing occurs and ribosomal subunits are assembled. |
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| a network of interconnection membranous sacs and tubules found inside eukaryotic cells. |
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| rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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| the portion of the endoplasmic retculum that is dotted with ribosomes. Involved in synthesis of plasma membrane proteins, secreted proteins, and proteins localized to the ER, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. |
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| the interior space of any hollow structure (e.g. the rough ER) or organ (e.g.. the stomach). |
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| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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| the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that does not have ribosomes attached to it Involved in synthesis and secretion of lipids. |
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| a eukaryotic organelle, consisting of stacks of flattened membranous sacs (cisternae), that functions in processing and sorting proteins and lipids destined to be secreted or directed to other organelles. |
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| flattened, membrane-bound compartments that make up the golgi apparatus |
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| the fluid portion of the cytoplasm |
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| an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells that contains enzymes for oxidizing fatty acids and other compounds including many toxins, rendering them harmless |
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| specialized type of peroxisome found in plant cells and packed with enzymes for processing the products of photosynthesis. |
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| a small organelle in an animal cell containing acids and enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions and can digest large molecules. |
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| the process by which damaged organelles are surrounded by a membrane and delivered to a lysosome to be destroyed |
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| uptake by a cell of small particles or cells by pinching off the plasma membrane to form small membrane-bound vesicles; one type of endocytosis. |
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| receptor mediated endocytosis |
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| uptake by a cell of certain extracellular macromolecules, bound of specific receptors in the plasma membrane, by pinching off the membrane to form small membrane-bound vesicles |
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| a small membrane-bound vesicle, formed by endocytosis, that is an early stage in the formation of a lysosome. |
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| a membrane-bound vesicle that arises from an early endosome and develops into a lysosome. |
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| general term for any pinching off the plasma membrane that results in the uptake of material from outside the cell. includes phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-meditated endocytosis. |
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| uptake by a cell of extracellular fluid by pinching off the plasma membrane to form small membrane-bound vesicles; one type of endocytosis |
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| a system of organelles in eukaryotic cells that performs met protein and lipid synthesis. includes the endoplasmic reticule, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. |
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| a large organelle in plant and fungal cells that usually is used for bulk storage of water, pigments, oils, or other substances. Some vacuoles contain enzymes and have a digestive function similar to lysosomes in animal cells. |
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| mitochonria (mitochondrion) |
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| a eukaryotic organelle that is bounded by a double membrane and is the site of aerobic respiration. |
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| sac-like invaginations of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. Location of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase. |
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| central compartment of a mitochondrion, which is lined by the inner membrane;contains the enzymes and substrates of the citric acid cycle and mitochondrial DNA |
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| a chlorophyll-containing organelle, bounded by a double membrane, in which photosynthesis occurs; found in plants and photosynthetic protists. also the location of amino acid, fatty acid, purine, and pyrimidine synthesis. |
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| a flattened, membrane bound vesicle inside a plant chloroplast that functions in converting light energy to chemical energy. a stack of thylakoids is a granum. |
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| in chloroplasts, a stack of flattened, membrane bound vesicles where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur. |
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| the fluid matrix of a chloroplast in which the thylakoids are embedded. site where the calvin cycle reactions occur. |
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| differential centrifugation |
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| procedure for separating cellular components according to their size and destiny by spinning a cell homogenate in a series of centrifuge runs. after each run, the supernatant is removed from the deposited material and spun again at progressively higher speeds. |
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| an opening in the nuclear envelope that connects the inside of the nucleus with the cytoplasm and through which molecules such as mRNA and some proteins can pass. |
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| a large complex of dozens of proteins lining a nuclear pore, defining its shape and transporting substances through the pore. |
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| a RNA molecule that forms part of the structure of a ribosome. |
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| an RNA molecule that carries encoded information, transcribed from DNA, that specifies the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide |
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| nuclear localization signal |
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| a short amino acid sequence that marks a protein for delivery to the nucleus |
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| a type of experiment in which a population of cells or molecules at a particular moment in time is marked by means of labeled molecule and then their fate is followed over time. |
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| a short amino acid sequence that makes polypeptide for transport to the endoplasm reticulum where synthesis of the polypeptide chain is completed and the signal sequence removed. |
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| signal recognition particle |
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| a RNA-protein complex that binds to the ER signal sequence in a polypeptide as it emerges from a ribosome and transports the ribosome-polypeptide complex to the ER membrane where synthesis of the polypeptide is completed. |
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