Term
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Definition
| A process by which chemical substances (nutrients) are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities. |
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Term
| What do all living things require? |
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Definition
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Term
| What else is needed but quantitatively varied based on microbe? |
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Definition
| K, Ca, Fe, Na, Cl, and Mg. |
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Term
| What is an essential nutrient? |
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Definition
| Any substance that must be provided to an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Required in relatively large qualities. PLay principal roles in cell structure + metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trace elements. Present in smaller amounts and involved in enzyme fxn and maintenance or protein structure. |
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Term
| Where do heterotrophs obtain Carbon from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do autotrophs obtain Carbon from? |
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Definition
| Use inorganic CO2 as their carbon source. |
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Term
| What is Nitrogen essential for? |
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Definition
| The production of DNA, RNA, ATP and amino acids. |
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Term
| What is the primary Nitrogen source for heterotrophs? |
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Definition
| Proteins (animal/plant), DNA, RNA, and amino acids. Large. |
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Term
| Some bacteria utilize _______ _______ nutrients. |
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Definition
| inorganic nitrogenous. Medium |
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Term
| A small number can transform N2 into a usable compound through nitrogen fixation. T or F? |
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Definition
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Term
| What must N2 be converted to before cells can use it? What kind of bond is it held together by? |
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Definition
| NH3. Triple covalent bond. |
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Term
| What is oxygen necessary for? |
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Definition
| Biomolecule production and ATP synthesis. |
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Term
| Most bacteria are aerobic or anaerobic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Hydrogen necesarry for? |
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Definition
Maintaining PH. (More H, Acid. Less, Base.)
Forming Hydrogen bonds (DNA)
Source of energy in redox rxn
Production of all biomolecules (carbs, proteins, lipids..) |
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Term
| Where can H be obtained from? |
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Definition
| ANY H containing molecule |
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Term
| What is Phosphorus necessary for? |
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Definition
| production of DNA, RNA, ATP and phospholipids. |
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Term
| Where is Phosphorus obtained from? |
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Definition
| DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipids. |
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Term
| PO3-4 and H3PO4 found in rocks and ocean mineral sources can be used as well. T or F? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Sulfur necessary for? |
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Definition
| Production of select amino acids, and is vital for tertiary protein structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| By consuming S-containing organic molecules (amino acids) Also in rock as sulfate. |
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Term
| What other elements may a cell need in smaller amounts? How are they obtained? |
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Definition
| K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn. ONLY FOUND IN INORGANIC SOURCES vitamins/minerals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Essential Organic Nutrient. An organic compound that cannot be synthesized by an organism and must be provided as a nutrient. |
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Term
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Definition
| Longer It Takes to Grow AFTER Innoculation |
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Term
| What are the 2 main determinants of of Nutrition types? |
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Definition
| Sources of Carbon and Energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Microbes that photosynthesize |
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Term
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Definition
| Microbes that gain energy from chemical compounds. What most bacteria are |
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Term
| What is a photoautotroph? |
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Definition
| Photosynthetic, considered to be primary producers on planet. Ex: Cyanobacteria. |
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Term
| What is a Chemoorganic autotroph? |
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Definition
| Use organic compounds for energy and inorganic compounds as a carbon source. |
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Term
| What is a Lithoautotroph? |
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Definition
| Rely totally on inorganic minerals. |
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Term
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Definition
| A lithoautotroph that produces methan from hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide. |
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Term
| Are heterotrophs the largest group? |
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Definition
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Term
| The majority of heterotrophs are _________ that derive both carbon and energy from ______ molecules. |
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Definition
| chemoheterotrophs/organic |
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Term
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Definition
| Free-living microorganism that does NOT need a host. |
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Term
| What do saprobes feed on primarily? |
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Definition
| Organic detritus from dead organisms AKA primary decomposers on planet. |
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Term
| Do most saprobes have a rigid cell wall? what does this cause? |
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Definition
| Yes. They release enzymes to digest food particles extracellularly. |
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Term
| What is an obligate saprobe? |
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Definition
| Exist strictly on dead organic matter in soil and water. Ex: Maggot |
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Term
| What is a facultative parasite? |
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Definition
| When a saprobe infects a host, usually when a host is compromised. Opportunistic Pathogen. |
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Term
| Do Parasites require a living host? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do parasites derive their nutrients from? |
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Definition
| Cells or tissues of a living host. |
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Term
| What are parasites also called? Why? |
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Definition
| Pathogens - cause damage to tissue or even death. |
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Term
| What are the 3 basic classifications of parasites? |
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Definition
1.)Ectoparasites - live on the body (ringworm)
2.)Endoparasites - live in organs and tissues. (MOST ARE)
3.)Intracellular Parasites - Live within cells (Viruses) |
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Term
| What are obligate parasites? |
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Definition
| Unable to grow outside of a living host. ALL VIRUSES ARE. |
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Term
| What are the critical temperatures for microbes? |
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Definition
| 1.)Minimum temp 2.)maximum temp 3.)optimal temp |
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Term
| What is a Psychrophilic microbe? |
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Definition
| Optimal temp between -5-15 degrees. Cannot grow above 20. Found in frigid ocean waters. |
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Term
| What is Psychrotrophic microbe? |
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Definition
| Optimal temp from 20-30 degrees. Common cause in food spoilage. Found in cool soil and water. |
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Term
| What is mesophilic bacteria? MAJORITY OF MEDICALLY IMPORTANT MICROBES. |
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Definition
| Optimal temp 20-40 degrees. (Human pathogens 30-40) Found in soil, water, plants and animals. |
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Term
| Mesophilic bacteria that can withstand short periods of higher temp is... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is thermophilic bacteria? |
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Definition
| Optimal temperature above 45 degrees. (45-80) Some can survive up to 100 degrees. Found in hot springs, compost heaps and water heaters. |
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Term
| _____ is the temp at which most enzymes are destroyed. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is hyperthermophilic? |
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Definition
| Optimal temp = 80-120. Usually Archaea. Found in hydrothermal vents in ocean floor. (Newly discovered can survive up to 130) |
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Term
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Definition
| Can use gaseous oxygen in its metabolism and possesses the enzymes needed to process toxic oxygen products. |
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Term
| What is an obligate aeorobe? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a facultative aerobe? |
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Definition
| An aerobe that does not require oxygen for its metabolism and is capable of growth in the absence of it. |
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Term
| What is a mircoaerophile? |
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Definition
| Does not grow at normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen but requires a small amount of it in metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lacks the metabolic enzyme systems for using oxygen in respiration. |
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Term
| What is an obligate anaerobe? |
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Definition
| Also lack enzymes for processing toxic oxygen and cannot tolerate any free oxygen in the immediate environment and will die if exposed to it. |
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Term
| What is an aerotolerant anearobe? |
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Definition
| Do not utilize oxygen but can survive and grow to a limited extent in its presence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Grow best at higher CO2 levels than are normally present in atmosphere. |
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Term
| What PH to neutrophilic bacteria prefer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What PH do human pathogens prefer? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do Neutrophilic bacteria grow well in extremes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What PH do acidophilic bacteria prefer? |
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Definition
| Grows best at PH below 5.5 EX: Helicobacter |
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Term
| What PH do Alkalophilic bacteria prefer? where are they found? |
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Definition
| Above 8.5. found in alkaline lakes and soils. |
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Term
| What osmotic pressure do microbes usually live in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a facultative halophile? |
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Definition
| Do not normally live in high salt environments but some can survive up to 20% NaCl ex:Staphylococcus |
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Term
| What is an obligate halophile? |
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Definition
| Requires at least 9% NaCl but optimal is around 25% |
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Term
| What is the basis of population growth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is step one of binary fission? |
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Definition
| Parent cell enlarges and duplicates all its genetic material. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA copies move to opposite ends of parent and attach to a section of cell membrane as it begins to pinch together at the center. |
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Term
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Definition
| New cell wall forms between daughter cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells separate or may remain attached forming chains/clusters |
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Term
| What is the generation time? |
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Definition
| The amount of time required for a complete fission cycle. Avg 30-60 mins |
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Term
| IS bacterial growth exponential? |
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Definition
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Term
| To calculate the size of a population over time... |
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Definition
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Term
| What do each of these letters stand for? |
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Definition
Nf= final number of cells
Ni = starting number
N = generation growth |
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Term
| What produces a growth curve? |
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Definition
| Data from an entire growth period. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.)Lag 2.)Log/Exponential Phase 3.)Stationary Phase 4.)Death Phase 5.)Phase of Prolonged Decline |
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Term
| What happens in the lag phase? |
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Definition
| The period of slow/no growth. Cells are producing the molecules necessary for growth. |
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Term
| What happens in the exponential phase? |
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Definition
| Period of optimal growth and reproduction. Will continue as long as there are sufficient nutrients and space. |
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Term
| What happens in the stationary phase? |
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Definition
| Cell death balances out cell reproduction. |
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Term
| What is cell death caused by? |
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Definition
1.)Decreased nutrients
2.)Accumulated wastes
3.)Increased cell density. |
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Term
| What happens in the death phase? |
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Definition
| Death outpaces cell reproduction. Caused by depletion of nutrients. 99% of viable cells die. |
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Term
| What is the phase of prolonged decline? |
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Definition
| The "fitest" cells can survive for months to years on the nutrients released by dying cells. |
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