Term
|
Definition
| the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning that certain events occur together. the events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or response and it's consequences (as in operant conditioning). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any event or situation that evokes a response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning. |
|
|
Term
| unconditioned response (UR) |
|
Definition
| in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occuring response (such as slivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth). |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned stimulus (US) |
|
Definition
| in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically- triggers a response (UR) |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
|
Definition
| in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now donditioned) stimulus (CS). |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
|
Definition
| in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of learning in which behavior is strenghtened if followed by a renforcer or dimished if followed by a punisher. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in operant conditioning research, a chamber (aslo known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note:It is not punishment) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an innately reinforcing stimulus, as as one that satisfies a biological need. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced. |
|
|
Term
| partial (intermittent) reinforcement |
|
Definition
| reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition or a resonse but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable numver or responses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. |
|
|
Term
| variable-interval schedule |
|
Definition
| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example. after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a desire to performa behavior effectivelt for its own sake. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning by observing others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior. |
|
|
