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| relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior due to experience. |
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| the ability to connect stimuli with responses. |
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| learning that occurs when a neutral stimlui becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally produces a behavior |
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| something that naturally triggers a response |
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| the naturally occuring response that follows the unconditioned stimulus. |
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| a neutral stimulus that after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus begins to evoke a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus. |
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| an acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus |
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| the reduction in responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus |
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| the increase in responding to the conditioned stimulus after a pause that follows extinction |
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| the tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus |
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| the tendency to respond differently to stimuli that are similar, but not identical |
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| Second-order Conditioning |
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| conditioning that occurs when an existing conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for a new conditioned stimulus. |
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| a strong and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. |
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| learning that occurs based on the consequences of behavior. |
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| responses that create a typically pleasent outcome in a situation are more likely to happen again in a similar situation, whereas responses that produce an unpleasant outcome are less likely to occur again in the situation. |
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| Skinner Box (operant chamber) |
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| s structure used to study operant learning in small animals |
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| any event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior |
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| any event that weakens or decreases the likelihood of a behavior. |
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| the strengthening of a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after the response |
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| the strengthening of a response by removing a typically unpleasant stimulus after the response. |
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| the weakening of a response by presenting a typically unpleasant stimulus after the response |
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| the weakening of a response by removing a typically pleasant stimulus after the response |
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| Continuous Reinforcement Schedule |
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| a reinforcement schedule in which the desired response is sometimes reinforced everytime it occurs |
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| Partial reinforcement schedule |
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a reinforcement schedule in which the desired response is sometimes reinforced and sometimes not
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| behavior is reinforced for the first response after a specific amount of time has passed |
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| Variable interval schedule |
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| behavior is reinforced for the first response after an average, but unpredictable, amount of time has passed |
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| behavior is reinforced after an average, but unpredictable, number of responses |
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| behavior is reinforced after a specific number of responses |
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| the process of guiding an organisms behavior to the desired outcome through the use of successive approximation to a final desired behavior |
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| stimuli that are naturally preferred or enjoyed by the organism, such as food, water, and relief from pain. |
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| neutral events that have become associated with a primary reinforcer through classical conditioning |
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| the sudden understanding of a solution to a problem |
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| learning that is not reinforced and not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so |
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| observational learning (modeling) |
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| learning by observing the behavior of others |
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| a situation in which the behavior that creates the most rewards for the individual may in the long term lead to negative consequences for the group as a whole |
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| a social dilemma in which the goals of the individual compete with the goals of the other individual |
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| Classical conditioning was first studied by _____ |
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