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Chapter 7: Emotional & Social Dev't in Infancy & Toddlerhood
Important terms and concepts from Laura Berk's Infants and Children-7th ed.
33
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/15/2013

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Term
Basic Trust vs. Mistrust
Definition
The psychological conflict of the first year. When the balance of care is sympathetic and loving, it is resolved on the positive side.
Term
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Definition
Conflict of toddlerhood, resolved favorably when parents provide your children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices.
Term
Basic Emotions
Definition
Happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust. Universal in humans and other primates and have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival.
Term
Social Smile
Definition
Parent's communication evokes this broad grin between 6 and 10 weeks.
Term
Stranger Anxiety
Definition
Most frequent expression of fear in response to unfamiliar adults.
Term
Secure Base
Definition
Infants use the familiar caregiver as a point from which to explore, venturing into the environment and then returning for emotional support.
Term
Social Referencing
Definition
Infants actively seek emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation.
Term
Self-Conscious Emotions
Definition
Guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy and pride. Humans are capable of a second, higher-order set of feelings, each involving either injury to or enhancement of our sense of self.
Term
Emotional Self-Regulation
Definition
The strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals.
Term
Temperament
Definition
Early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation. Reactivity refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity. Self-regulation refers to strategies that modify that reactivity.
Term
Easy Child
Definition
(~40%) Quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences.
Term
Difficult Child
Definition
(~10%) Irregular in daily routines, slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely.
Term
Slow-To-Warm-Up Child
Definition
(~15%) Inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions, to environmental stimuli, is negative in mood, and adjusts slowly to new experiences.
Term
Effortful Control
Definition
The capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response.
Term
Inhibited (Shy) Children
Definition
React negatively to and withdraw from novel stimuli.
Term
Uninhibited (Sociable) Children
Definition
Display positive emotion and approach novel stimuli.
Term
Goodness-of-Fit Model
Definition
Explains how temperament and environment can together produce favorable outcomes. Involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while simultaneously encouraging more adaptive functioning.
Term
Attachment
Definition
Strong affectionate tie we have for special people in our lives that leads us to experience pleasure and joy when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress.
Term
Ethological Theory of Attachment
Definition
Recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival, and is the most widely accepted view.
Term
Separation Anxiety
Definition
Babies become upset when their trusted caregiver leaves.
Term
Internal Working Model
Definition
Set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures, their likelihood of providing support during times of stress, and the self's interaction with those figures. Becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships.
Term
Strange Situation
Definition
A laboratory procedure used to assess the quality of
attachment between 1 and 2 years of age by observing the baby’s responses to eight short episodes involving brief separations from and reunions with the caregiver in an unfamiliar playroom.
Term
Secure Attachment
Definition
These infants use the parent as a secure base. When separated, they may or may not cry, but if they do, it is because the parent is absent and they prefer her to
the stranger. When the parent returns, they actively seek contact, and their crying is reduced immediately. (~60%).
Term
Avoidant Attachment
Definition
These infants seem unresponsive to the parent when she is present. When she leaves, they usually are not distressed, and they react to the stranger in much the same way as to the parent. During reunion, they avoid or are slow to greet the parent, and when picked up, they often fail to cling. (~15%).
Term
Resistant Attachment
Definition
Before separation, these infants seek closeness to the parent and often fail to explore. When the parent leaves, they are usually distressed, and on her return they combine clinginess with angry, resistive behavior, struggling when held and sometimes hitting and pushing. Many continue to cry after being picked up and cannot be comforted easily. (~10%).
Term
Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
Definition
This pattern reflects the greatest insecurity. At
reunion, these infants show confused, contradictory behaviors—for example, looking away while the parent is holding them or approaching the parent with flat, depressed emotion. Most display a dazed facial expression, and a few cry out unexpectedly after having calmed down or display odd, frozen postures. (~15%).
Term
Attachment Q-Sort
Definition
An alternative method suitable for children between 1 and 4
years, depends on home observations. Either the parent or a highly trained observer sorts 90 behaviors into nine
categories ranging from “highly descriptive” to “not at all descriptive” of the child. Then a score, ranging from high to low in security, is computed.
Term
Sensitive Caregiving
Definition
Responding promptly, consistently, and appropriately to infants and holding them tenderly and carefully.
Term
Interactional Synchrony
Definition
Separated the experiences of secure from insecure babies. Best described as a sensitively tuned "emotional dance" in which the caregiver responds to infant signals in a well-timed, rhythmic, appropriate fashion.
Term
Scale Errors
Definition
Infants attempt to do things that their body size makes impossible.
Term
Empathy
Definition
The ability to understand another’s emotional state and feel with that person, or respond emotionally in a similar way.
Term
Compliance
Definition
Show clear awareness of caregivers’ wishes and expectations and can obey simple requests and commands.
Term
Delay of Gratification
Definition
Waiting for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act.
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