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Definition
| Strategies - including formula, instructions, and the testing of all possible solutions - that gurantee a solution to a problem. |
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Term
| Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
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Definition
| A scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people. |
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Definition
| A prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events. |
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Definition
| The way in which information is processes and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing. |
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Definition
| Reasoning from a general case that is known to be true to a specific instance. |
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Definition
| Using a prior strategy and failing to look at the problem from a fresh, new perspective. |
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Definition
| Shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem, but do not guarantee an answer. |
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Definition
| Reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations |
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Term
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Definition
| All-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience. |
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Term
| Mental retardation (intellectual disability) |
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Definition
| A condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test, and has difficulty adapting to everyday life. |
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Term
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Definition
| A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve, with a majority of the scores falling in the middle of the possible range and a few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range. |
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Term
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Definition
| A model emphasizing that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical item(s) in that category and look for a "family resemblance" with that item's properties. |
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Term
| Representativeness Heuristic |
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Definition
| The tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information. |
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Term
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Definition
| The meaning of words and sentences in a particular language. |
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Term
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Definition
| A language's rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences. |
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Term
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Definition
| A restrictive, punitive style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parent's directions and to value hard work and effort. |
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Term
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Definition
| A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent, but that still places limits and controls on behavior. |
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Term
| Concrete Operational Stage |
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Definition
| Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, lasting from about 7 to 11 years of age, during which the individual uses operations and replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| The transitional period from adolescence to adulthood, spanning approximately 18 to 25 years of age. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's fourth stage of cognitive development, which begins at age 11 to 15 and continues through the adulthood; it features thinking about things that are not concrete, making predictions, and using logic to come up with hypotheses about the future. |
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Term
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Definition
| Roles that reflect the individuals' expectations for how females and males should think, act, and feel. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations. |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual's biological inheritance, especially his or her genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A parenting style characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child's life. |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual's environmental and social experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior that is intended to benefit other people. |
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Term
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Definition
| A period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times. |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding. |
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Term
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Definition
| The class of sex hormones that predominate in males, produced by the testes in males and by the adrenal glands in both males and females. |
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Term
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Definition
| An aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need. |
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Term
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Definition
| Feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal (such as fast heartbeat), conscious experience (thinking about being in love with someone), and behavioral expression (a smile or grimace). |
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Term
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Definition
| Motivation that involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments. |
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Term
| Facial Feedback Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The idea that facial experessions can influence emotions as well as reflect them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maslow's theory that human needs must be satisfied in the following sequence: physiological needs, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization. |
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Term
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Definition
| The body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state. |
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Term
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Definition
| Motivation based on internal factors such as organismic needs (competence, relatedness, and autonomy), as well as curiosity, challenge, and fun. |
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Term
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Definition
| An innate (unlearned) biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species. |
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Term
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Definition
| A machine, commonly called a lie detector, that monitors changes in the body, used to try to determine whether someone is lying. |
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Term
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Definition
| The motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being - the highest and most elusive of Maslow's proposed needs. |
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Term
| Self-determination Theory |
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Definition
| Deci and Ryan's theory asserting that all humans have three basic, innate organismic needs: competence, relatedness, and autonomy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which an organism effortfully controls behavior in order to pursue important objectives. |
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Term
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Definition
| The weight maintained when the individual makes no effort to gain or lose weight. |
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Term
| Two-factor Theory of Emotion |
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Definition
| Schachter and Singer's theory that emotion is determined by two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labeling. |
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