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Chap 1&2
AP Psychology Key terms for Chapters 1 and 2
65
Psychology
12th Grade
12/06/2011

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Term
Empiricism
Definition
the view that knowledge oringinates in experiance and that science should there for observation and experimentation
Term
Structralism
Definition
an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind
Term
Functionalism
Definition
a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how the enable us to adapt, survive and flourish
Term
Experimental Psychology
Definition
the study of behavior and thinking using experimental methods
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
the view that psychology should be an objective science that syudies behavior without refernce to mental processes
Term
humanistic psychology
Definition
historically signifcant perpective that emphasied the growth potentail of health people and the individual's potential for perpective growth
Term
Cognitive neuroscience
Definition
the  interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linke with cognition (including: perpective, thinking, memory and lanuage)
Term
psychology
Definition
the science of behavioral anfd mental processes
Term

nature-nurture issue

Definition
the controversy over the relative contributions that genres and experience make the development of psycholgical traits and behaviors. today science sees traits and behavior arising from interaction with nature and nurture
Term
natural selection
Definition
the principle that nature selects the traits that best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment
Term
levels of analysis
Definition
the differing compentary views, from biological to psycholgical to social cutural, for analyizing any given phenomenon
Term
biopsychosocial approah
Definition
which considers the influences of biolgical, psychological and social cutural factors
Term
biological psychology
Definition
biological psychology- a branch of  psychology that syudies the links between biological processes
Term
evolutionary psychology
Definition
the study of roots of behvior and mental processes testing principles of natural selection
Term
psychodynamic
Definition
the studies of how the unconsciuos drives and conflicts influence behavior and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders
Term
behavioral
Definition
the scientific study of observable behavior of learning
Term

cognitive

Definition
the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicationg
Term

social-cutural

Definition
the study of how situations and cultures affects our behavior and thinking
Term
psychometrics
Definition
the study of the measurements of human abilities, attitudes and traits
Term
basic research
Definition
pure scientific knowlege that is increased by pure science
Term
developmental psychology
Definition
the study of pyhsical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span
Term
educational psychology
Definition
the study of hw psychological process affect and enhance learning and teaching
Term
personality psycholgy
Definition
the study of one's characterisric pattern of thinking, feeling and acting
Term
social psycholgy
Definition
study of how we think influence and relate to one another
Term
applied research
Definition
study that aims to solve practical problems
Term
industrial/organization psycholgy
Definition
the psychological concepts and methos to optimizing human behavior in the workplace
Term
human factor psychology
Definition
the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily machines and environment
Term
counseling psychology
Definition
a branch of psychology that assist people in living and acheievement of a greater well-being
Term
clinical psychology
Definition
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses and treats people with psychological disorders
Term
psychiatry
Definition
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders practiced by physicians to provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy
Term
SQ3R
Definition
study method that incorporates the principles of surveying, questioning,reading, rehearsing and reviewing
Term
hindsight bias
Definition
tendency to believe after seeing, learing the outcome that one have forseen it
Term
critical thinking
Definition
thinking that does not blindly arguement and conclusion. Rather, it examiens assumptions, hidden value, evaluates evidence and assesses conclusion
Term
theory
Definition
an explaination using an intergrated set on principles that organizes observations and predict behavior or events
Term
hypothesis
Definition
a testable prediction often by a theory
Term
operational defintion
Definition
a statement of procedures used to define research variables
Term
replication
Definition
the essence of research study, usaully with different situations to see wheter basic findings extends to other particpants and circumstances
Term
case study
Definition
observstion technique in which one person is isolated in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
Term
survey
Definition
technique used for ascetaing the self reported attidues of behavior of a particular group, usally by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
Term
double blind procedure
Definition
An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies
Term
independent variable
Definition
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
Term
Random Sample
Definition
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Term
naturalistic observation
Definition
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Term
correlation
Definition
A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.
Term
correlation coefficient
Definition
a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)
Term
scatter plot
Definition
A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation
Term
illusory correlation
Definition
The perception of a relationship where none exists
Term
experiment
Definition
A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effects on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant variable
Term
random assignment
Definition
Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance ,thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups
Term
placebo effect
Definition
any effect that seems to be a consequence of administering a placebo
Term
experimental group
Definition
in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
Term
control group
Definition
in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
Term
confounding variable
Definition
a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.
Term
dependent variable
Definition
The outcome factor, the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
Term
mode
Definition
The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
Term
mean
Definition
The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtaining by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores
Term
median
Definition
The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it
Term
range
Definition
the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
Term
standard deviation
Definition
A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
Term
normal curve (normal distribution)
Definition
a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer near the extremes
Term
statistical significance
Definition
A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
Term
culture
Definition
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
Term
informed consent
Definition
an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
Term
debriefing
Definition
the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants
Term
population
Definition
all the cases in a group, being studied from which samples may be drawn (except national studies
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