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Chapter 7
solutions and colloids
79
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
06/29/2006

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Term
mixture
Definition
combination of two or more pure substances, both retain identity
Term
homogeneous mixture
Definition
synonym for solution has same composition throughout
Term
heterogeneous mixture
Definition
mixture that does not have same composition throughout
Term
colloid
Definition
homogeneous mixture that contains larger particles
Term
will a colloid settle
Definition
no
Term
suspension
Definition
heterogeneous mixture with larger particles
Term
will a suspension settle
Definition
yes
Term
solvent
Definition
liquid in which anouther substanc eis dissolved
Term
solute
Definition
substance dissolved in a liquid
Term
solvation
Definition
clustering of solvent molecules around a dissolved solutes molecules or ions
Term
example of when solvation would happen
Definition
when salt is dissolved in water
Term
hygroscopic
Definition
having the ability to ull water molecules from the surrounding atmosphere
Term
what do we call it when water is the solvent
Definition
hydration
Term
saturated solution
Definition
solution containing the maximum amoung of solute that will dissolve
Term
solubility
Definition
maximum amount of a substance that will dissolce in a given amountof solvent at a particular temperature
Term
miscible
Definition
mutally soluble in all proportions
Term
immiscible
Definition
opposite of miscible (insolubility)
Term
which is clear, a solution or a colloid
Definition
a solution
Term
what is the particle size in a solution
Definition
less that 2.0 nm
Term
what is the particle size in a colloid?
Definition
between 2.0 and 500 nm
Term
what is the particle size in a suspension
Definition
more than 500 nm
Term
air,seawater and gas are all examples of
Definition
solutions
Term
butter, milk and fog are examples of
Definition
colloid
Term
blood and paint are examples of
Definition
suspension
Term
characteristics of a solution
Definition
transparent, not filterable, does not seperate
Term
could a solution be colored
Definition
yes
Term
is a solution filterable
Definition
no
Term
characteristic of colloids
Definition
murky or opaque, does not seperate
Term
is a colloid filterable
Definition
no
Term
characteristics of a suspension
Definition
murky or opaque, seperates on standing
Term
is a suspension filterable
Definition
yes
Term
are gases suspensions, solutions or colloids?
Definition
solutions
Term
moving from a solution to a solid solute is called
Definition
crystallization
Term
moving from a solid solute to a solution is called
Definition
dissolution
Term
does heat generally increase or decrease solubility
Definition
increase
Term
how would you make a supersaturated solution
Definition
saturate the solution at a higher temperature, then let the solution cool undisturbed
Term
after a solution has been supersaturated and cooled, what would a disturbance do to the solution
Definition
cause it to crystallize
Term
is supersaturation a stable state?
Definition
no
Term
the solution process needs similar or compatible
Definition
intermolecular forces
Term
what does "like dissolves like" mean
Definition
non-polar substances will dissolve in non-polar solutions and polar substances will dissolce in polar substances
Term
heat change when dissolving can be
Definition
positive or negative
Term
is dissolving a static process
Definition
no, there is a lot of back and forth
Term
rate of dissolving is dependant on
Definition
surface area (rock candy vs powdered sugar.
Term
what two factors can increase the rate of dissolving
Definition
heat and stirring
Term
how do heat and stirring speed up rate of dissolving
Definition
by increasing the rate at which molecules collide
Term
stirring also increases rate by
Definition
moving solvaed molecules further from the pure solvent
Term
molarity
Definition
moles of solution over liters solution
Term
weight/volume percent
Definition
mass of solute/volume of solution
Term
what are the units for weight/volume percent
Definition
grams of solute/100 mL solution
Term
how would you write weight volume as a conversion factor
Definition
parts per one hundred (grams over 100 mL)
Term
dilution formula
Definition
m1v1=m2v2
Term
in a dilution formula, what do the variables stand for?
Definition
m1=concentration of concetrated, v1=volume of concentrated, m2=concentration of diluted, v2= concentration of diluted
Term
what units do you need to use when using the dilution equation?
Definition
it doesn't matter as long as they are the same on both sides
Term
Is the volume used in the dilution problem total volume or added volume?
Definition
total volume
Term
what must be used as the common unit when doing stoichiometry equations?
Definition
moles
Term
electrolytes
Definition
produces ions when dissolved in water adn therefore conducts electricity.
Term
what has to happen for a dissolved compound to conduct electricity?
Definition
the compound must dissociate into ions
Term
strong electrolytes
Definition
dissociates completely in water
Term
weak electrolytes
Definition
partially dissociates in water
Term
nonelectrolytes
Definition
do not dissociate in water
Term
colligative particles depend only on
Definition
the number of particles, not their chemical identity
Term
colligative properties (vapor pressure)
Definition
lowers
Term
colligative properties (boiling point)
Definition
elevation
Term
colligative properties (freezing point)
Definition
depression
Term
colligative properties (osmosis)
Definition
osmosis
Term
how do colligative properties lower vapor pressure?
Definition
the solute makes the liquid less concentrated, therefore fewer particles will be in the vapor phase
Term
how do colligative properties elevate boiling points?
Definition
if the vapor pressure is lower at a particular tamperature, to get the vapor pressure to atmospheric pressure, the temperature must be raised.
Term
The boiling point of 1 kg of water is increased by how many degrees celcius for each mole of particles?
Definition
0.51 degrees celcius
Term
How do colligative properties depress the freezing point?
Definition
if there are contaminants in the liquid (solvent) it is harder for the liquid molecules to form a crysal lattice.
Term
the temperature water freezes at is lowered by how many degrees for each mol of particles per 1 kg of water?
Definition
1.86 degrees
Term
is osmosis only (blank) can pass through membrane
Definition
solvent
Term
osmotic pressure
Definition
the pressure that must be applied to the contaminated solution to half the flow of solvent into that chamber
Term
osmolarity is the sum of
Definition
the molarities for all dissolved particles in a solution
Term
osmotic pressure equation
Definition
osmotic pressure =nMRT
Term
what number is used for the constant (R) in the equation for osmotic pressure
Definition
62.4 L torr/k mol
Term
isotonic solution
Definition
0.30 osmol. Water will not flow in or out of cell, cell stays normal size
Term
hypotonic solution
Definition
less than 0.30 osmol. water flows into the cell, the cell bursts
Term
hypertonic solution
Definition
greater than 0.30 osmol. water flows out of the cell, cell creanates
Term
how does dialysis differ from osmosis
Definition
small particles as well as solvent can diffuse through the semipermeable membrane
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