Term
|
Definition
| The electron lost in a redox reaction is not just an electron but also a hydrogen atom. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to take energy from food sources and convert them to ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the final electron acceptor is oxygen in cellular respiration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than oxygen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule. |
|
|
Term
| Substrate Level Phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| ATP is created by transferring a phosphate group directly to ADP from a phosphate bearing intermediate, or substrate. Glycolysis does this. |
|
|
Term
| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
|
Definition
ATP synthesized by the enzyme ATP synthase, using an energy from a proton gradient. This gradient is formed by high-energy electrons from the oxidation of glucose passing down the ETC. These are then donated to oxygen.
Formula:
ADP + Pi -> ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy from sunlight is used to provide energy for ATP synthesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Between the two mitochondrion membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Space inside inner membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surrounded by double membrane (Outer and Inner mitochondria membranes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Complete oxidation of glucose. Glucose is a reduced organic molecule that stores chemical energy in the C-H bond. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glucose Priming->Cleavage and rearrangement-> Oxidation-> ATP generation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glucose Priming- 3 Reactions change glucose into a compound that can be cleaved into 2 3-carbon phosphorylated molecules. 2 of these reactions transfer a phosphate from ATP, uses 2 ATP molecules. (Needs energy to start) Glucose 6C to 2Pyruvate (3C) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cleavage and Rearrangement- The 6carbon product (2Pyruvate/Glucose) of step 1 is split into 2 3-carbon molecules. 1 is G3P, the other is an isomerase of it. |
|
|
Term
| Step 3 of Glycolysis: Oxidation & ATP Formation |
|
Definition
| 2 Electrons are transferred from G3P to NAD+ to form NADH. A molecule of Pi is added to G3P to form BPG. The phosphate incorporated will be transferred to ADP and then through Substrate Level Phosphorylation allow for ATP to form. Then to formATP four reactions convert BPG into pyruvate and then two ATP molecules are formed per G3P formed in step 2. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Substrates- 1 Glucose, 2 ATP used, 2 NAD+, 4 ADP, 2 Pi.
Products- 2 Pyruvate (3C each), 2 ADP, 2NADH, 4 ATP
Overall Net Formed: 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2ATP |
|
|
Term
| Recycling NAD+ and using Pyruvate |
|
Definition
| NADH needs to reproduce NAD+, which means if it has oxygen it will use aerobic respiration and eventually go to the Acetyl CoA and the Krebs Cycle, but if it does not have oxygen it will go to fermentation and produce. This is the same with |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A redox reaction overall with 1 Glucose that makes 2 Pyruvate which then creates:
2 Acetyl CoA
2 CO2
2 NADH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 2-carbon acetyl CoA combines with 4-carbon oxaloacetate which makes 6-carbon citrate.
- Goes through multiple step electron-yielding oxidation reactions, during which two CO2 molecules split, restoring oxaloacetate.
- This oxaloacetate keeps going from cycle to cycle. The electrons made from this cycle are transferred to electron carried and used by the ETC to drive proton pumps that generate ATP.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 Reaction- The Acetyl-CoA (2C) and Oxaloacetate (4C) produce Citrate (6C). CoA is given off. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5 Reactions- Reduces citrate to a 5-carbon intermediate and then to 4-carbon succinate. Two NADH and and one ATP are produced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3 Reactions- The 4 Carbon Succinate molecule undergoes 3 reactions to become oxaloacetate. One NADH is produced; FAD is also a cofactor that is reduced to created FADH2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Input:
- 2 Acetyl-CoA's (From 2 pyruvates which came from one glucose)
- 6 NAD+ (3 Per Pyruvate)
- 2 FAD (1 Per Pyruvate)
- 2 ADP (1 Per Pyruvate)
Output:
- 6 CO2(2 Per Pyruvate)
- 6 NADH (3 Per Pyruvate)
- 2 FADH2 (1 Per Pyruvate)
- 2 ATP (1 Per Pyruvate) |
|
|
Term
| Oxidation of Glucose (Glycolysis + Krebs) |
|
Definition
Glucose + 10NAD+ + 2FAD + 4ADP + 4Pi ->
6CO2 + 10NADH + 2FADH2 + 4ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gained electrons during FADH2 and NADH redox reactions. The NADH takes the electrons to the inner mitochondrial membrane, whereh they transfer electrons to series of membrane associated proteins of the ETC. |
|
|
Term
| Process in ETC Chain for NADH |
|
Definition
| NADH Hydrogenase is the first of the proteins to receive the electrons (is a complex). The carrier ubiquinone (q) then passes it through the bc1 complex. Each complex in chain pumps out a proton into the intermembrane space. Then electrons carried by carrier protein cytochrome c to the cytochrome oxidase complex. Here a molecule of oxygen is broken down by 4 of the electrons carried here. The two oxygens separately combine with 4 protons to form water. |
|
|
Term
| Process in ETC Chain Contiuned |
|
Definition
| This feeds its electrons directly to ubiquinone. Overall electrons move from high energy to low energy. 5 Proton pumps are activated and cause a proton gradient to form between the intermembrane space and matrix. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Utilizes electrochemical gradient to produce ATP. Because of the negative matrix compared with the intermembrane space, positive protons are attracted. Protons pass through ATP Synthase enzyme which takes energy from proton gradient and creates ATP from ADP and P1. Called chemiosmosis because ATP is driven by a diffusion force similar to osmosis. |
|
|
Term
| Oxidation of 1 Glucose Molecule |
|
Definition
| Produces 38 ATP, Net Production of 36 ATP (Theoretical). Actual production is 30 ATP molecules. |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of Glucose Catabolism |
|
Definition
ATP- Inhibits phosphofructokinase (Enzyme in glycolysis).
NADH- Inhibits oxidation of pyruvate
High Levels of ATP- Inhibit citrate synthetase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CO2 is the final electron acceptor
CO2 -> CH4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inorganic sulfate is the final electron acceptor. Produces H2S. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organic molecule is the final electron acceptor. Accepts the electron from NADH and the purpose of this is to use glycolysis to still produce the 2 ATP, yet mainly regenerate NAD+ for future glycolysis. |
|
|
