Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Chapter 7
Language, Thoughts & Intelligence
51
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/18/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
language
Definition
system of communicating w/ others using signals that convey meaning & are combined according to rules of grammar
Term
phoneme
Definition
smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than random noise
Term
morpheme
Definition
smallest meaningful unit of language, one syllable
Term
grammar
Definition
set of rules that specifies how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages
-rules of morphology, syntax
Term
deep structure
Definition
meaning of a sentence
Term
surface structure
Definition
how a sentence is worded
Term
how early can infants distinguish btwn all possible sounds in human speech?
Definition
1 month
Term
motherese
Definition
when parents use direct speech in which they speak slowly + exaggerate changes in pitch + volume
Term
when do infants begin cooing?
Definition
2 months
Term
when do toddlers begin babbling?
Definition
6 months
Term
when do children incoorporate changes in pitch?
Definition
8-11 months
Term
At what age do children usually say their first word?
Definition
1 year
Term
At age 2, how many words do children know?
Definition
few hundred
Term
At age 6, how many words do children know?
Definition
10,000
Term
fast mapping
Definition
fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after oly a single exposure
Term
telegraphic speech
Definition
when children leave out some words of a sentence, 18 months
Term
behaviorist explanations
Definition
imitation + reinforcement
Term
nativist explanations
Definition
language is an innate, biological capacity
Term
LAD
Definition
Language Acquisition Device
collection of processes that facilitate language learning
Term
genetic dysphasia
Definition
syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence
Term
interactionist explanations
Definition
social interactions play a crucial role in language
deaf children in Nicaragua develop sign language
Term
Broca's Area
Definition
responsible for production of sequential patters in vocal + sign language
Term
Wernike's Area
Definition
responsible for comprehension of vocal + sign languages
Term
aphasia
Definition
disorder involving the difficulty in producing or comprehending language
Term
category-specific deficit
Definition
neurological syndrome characterized by inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category while leaving the ability to recognize objects outside the category undisturbed
(depends on where brain is damaged)
Term
prototype theory
Definition
we make categorical judgements by comparing new instances to a category's prototype
Term
prototype
Definition
"best" or "most typical" member of a category
Term
exemplar theory
Definition
we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category
Term
rational choice theory
Definition
we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, then multiplying the 2
Term
conjunction fallacy
Definition
when people think that 2 events are more likely to occur together than individually (Leah majors in political science. She is a banker.)
Term
framing effects
Definition
when people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased or framed
Term
sunk-cost fallacy
Definition
when people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation
Term
prospect theory
Definition
people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses + avoid risks when evaluating potential gains
Term
intelligence
Definition
mental ability that enables people to direct their thinking, adapt to their circumstances, + learn from their experiences
Term
ratio IQ
Definition
(person's mental age)
/ *100
(mental age)
Term
deviation IQ
Definition
(person's test score)
/ *100
(avg score, same age)
Term
Today's IQ Tests
Definition
Stanford-Binet and WAIS
Term
What do intelligent people do during conversation?
Definition
hold partner's gaze
Term
factor analysis
(by who?)
Definition
Spearman
a statistical technique that explains a large # of correlations in terms of a small # of underlying factors
Term
two-factor theory of intelligence
Definition
every task requires a combo of a general ability and skills that are specific to the task
Term
primary mental abilities
(by who?
Definition
Thurstone
(low to high)
specific factors, group factors, general factors
Term
8 independent middle-level abilities
(by who?)
Definition
1. memory + learning
2. visual perception
3. auditory perception
4. retrieval ability
5. cognitive speediness
6. processing speed
7. crystallized intelligence
8. fluid intelligence
Term
fluid intelligence
Definition
ability to process info
Term
crystallized intelligence
Definition
the accuracy and amount of info available for processing
Term
3 kinds of intelligence
(by who?)
Definition
Sternberg
analytical, creative, + practical intelligence
Term
8 kinds of intelligence
(by who?)
Definition
Gardner
1. linguistic
2. logical-mathematical
3. spatial
4. musical
5. body-kinesthetic
6. interpersonal
7. intrapersonal
8. naturalistic intelligences
Term
prodigies
Definition
normal intelligence with an extraordinary ability
Term
savants
Definition
low intelligence w/ an extraordinary ability
Term
Who suggests that intelligence is inherited?
Definition
Galton
Term
cognitive enhancers
Definition
drugs that produce improvements in the psychological processes that underlie intelligent behavior
Term
Flynn effect
Definition
avg intelligence test scores have been rising .3% every year
Supporting users have an ad free experience!