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| The process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors |
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| Learning that certain events occur together. the events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) |
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| Any event or situation that evokes a response |
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| The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language |
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| A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |
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| Explored classical conditioning - Dog experiment |
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| The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2 |
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| In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning |
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| Unconditioned Response (UR) |
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| In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occuring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth) |
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| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
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| In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response (UR) |
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| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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| In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) |
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| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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| In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR) |
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| In classical conditioning, the initial stange, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response |
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| The diminshing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced |
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| The reapparance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response |
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| The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses |
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| In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
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| "Little Albert" experiement; Lound noise sounded when a white rat was presented. Example of classical conditioning. |
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| type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
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| Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
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| In operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking |
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| In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
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| An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
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| Designed the operant chamber |
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| Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response |
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| Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (not punishment) |
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| An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need |
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| A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer |
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| Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
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| A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced |
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| Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement |
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| Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response, but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement |
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| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedue that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
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| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
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| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
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| Variable-Interval Schedule |
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| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
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| An event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows |
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| Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
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| Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
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A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
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| Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
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| A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake |
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| A desire to perform a behavior to recieve promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment |
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| Learning by observing others |
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| The process of observing an imitating a specific behavior |
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| Bobo doll - observational learning and modeling |
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| Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy |
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| Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior |
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