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Chapter 7
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach
26
Physiology
Undergraduate 4
10/12/2013

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Term
Hormone
Definition
A chemical secreted by a cell or group of cells into the blood for transport to a distant target, where its effective at very low concentrations
Term
Half-Life
Definition
an indicator of how long a hormone is active in the body
Term
How is a hormone inactivated?
Definition
Degradation of peptide hormones in plasma bound to cell membrane receptors
Term
Peptide Hormones
Definition
Made in advance
Released through exocytosis
Dissolved in plasma
Short half-life
Receptor on cell membrane
Activates 2nd messenger systems; maybe genes
Modifies existing proteins & induction of new synthesis
Ex. insulin, parathyroid
Term
Steroid Hormone
Definition
Synthesized on demand
Release from simple diffusion
Bound to carrier proteins
Long half-life
Receptor on cytoplasm or nucleus
Activation of genes for transcription and translation
Induction of new protein synthesis
Ex. Estrogen, androgen, cortisol
Term
Amine Hormones (Catecholamines)
Definition
same as peptide hormones
Ex. Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
Term
Amine Hormones (Thyroid Hormone)
Definition
Same as steroid hormones
Ex. Thyroxine (T4)
Term
Peptide Hormone --> Activated Hormone
Definition
Ribosomes on mRNA bind to amino acids creating a PREHORMONE
PREHORMONE goes into the ER
ER chops off a piece creating inactive PROHORMONE
PROHORMONE passes from ER to Golgi
Secretory vesicles containing enzymes and prohormone bud off the golgi. The enzymes chop the prohormone into one or more ACTIVE peptides.
Secretory vesicles release its contents via exocytosis.
Hormones moves via circulation.
Term
Location of Steroid hormones
Definition
Adrenal cortex and adrenal glands
Term
Location of Peptide Hormones
Definition
Tissues throughout the body
Term
Chemical for steroid hormones
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
Chemical for peptide hormones
Definition
Protein
Term
Why do steroid proteins need to be synthesized on demand?
Definition
They are lipophilic and diffuse easily
Term
Anterior Pituitary
Definition
True endocrine gland of epitheliai origin
Neurons synthesize trophic neurotransmitters & release them into the Portal System.
Portal Vessels carry the trophic neurohormones directly to the Anterior Pituitary, where they act on endocrine cells.
Endocrine cells release their peptide hormones into the second set of capillaries into the body to 6 targets
Term
Posterior Pituitary
Definition
Neural Tissue
Neurohormone is packaged in cell body.
Vesicle in transported down the cell.
Vesicles containing neurohormone are stored in posterior pituitary.
Neurohormones are released into the blood via 2 hormomones
Term
Trophic hormone
Definition
A hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone
Term
Synergism
Definition
Two or more hormones interact at their targets so that the combination yields a result that's greater than the additive.
Term
Permissiveness
Definition
One hormone cannot fully exert its effects unless a second hormone is present
Term
Antagonistic
Definition
One hormone opposing the other
Term
Classic Hormone
Definition
A hormone that is easily identified
Term
Neurohormone
Definition
Hormones secreted by neurons
Term
Hormone regulated by positive feedback
Definition
Oxytocin
Term
Stimulus of oxytocin
Definition
Pregnancy
Term
Function of Oxytocin
Definition
Milk ejection
Labor and Delivery
Water Reabsorption
Term
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and function
Definition
Prolactin- Milk production
Growth hormone- growth secretion & metabolism
Corticotropin (ACTH)- cortisol release
Thyrotropin (TSH)- thyroid hormone release
Follicle stimulating hormone- egg/sperm production
Luteinizing hormone- sex hormone production
Term
Hormones of Pituitary gland and function
Definition
Oxytocin- milk ejection; labor/delivery; behavior
Vasopressin- Water reabsoprtion
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