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regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support |
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| gives cell mambranes a flexible structure that orms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings. |
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| Main function is to provide support and protection for the cell. |
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the mass of soute in a given volume of solution mass/volume 12 grams of salt in 3 liters of water is: 12g/3L or 4g/L |
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| The tendency of particles to move from an area that is more concentrated to and area that is less concentrated. |
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| when the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a system |
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| Why does diffusion not require energy? |
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| because it depends on random particle movements from high to low concentration |
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| the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
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| when the concentration of a solute is the same on both sides of a permeable membrane |
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"above strength" when the concentration is higher on one side, that side is said to be hypertonic |
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"below strength" When one side of a system is of less concentration than the other side, this side is said to by hypotonic |
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pressure exerted on cell walls because of hypertonic cells (that have lots of salts and other minerals in them) causes fresh water to want to flow in. This is why cells are not surrounded by freshwater but by blood or some other substance of equal concentration. |
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the way substances that are are too large to pass through a semi-permeable membrane are able to get through. In a cell the facilitator is usually a protein channel through the cell membrane. |
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the way a cell moves substances in the opposite direction of the concetration. involves endocytosis and exocytosis |
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The process of taking material into cells by infoldings or pockets Two types: phagocytosis and pinocytosis |
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"cell eating" a form of active transport cell takes in particle by surrounding it into a vacuole Amoebas take in particles this way |
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Cell takes in liquids by surrounding the fluid in a vacuole a type of Endocytosis A type of Active transport |
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| when the cell is the organism |
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| cells develop in different ways to perform different tasks. |
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| What are the 4 levels of organization in multicellular organization. |
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1. individual cells 2. tissues 3. organs 4. organ systems |
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| a group of similar cells that perform a particular function. |
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| groups of tissues that work together for the same purpose |
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| a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function |
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| structures inside the cell that act like specialized organs |
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| What are the two major parts of a eukaryotic cell? |
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| portion of the cell outside of the nucleus |
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"control center" of the cell. contains nearly all the cell's DNA (coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules) |
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| surrounds the nucleus; contains pores that allow important "information" in and out of nucleus. |
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| DNA bound by proteins (usually spread throughout the nucleus until the cell is ready to divide.) |
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| distinct thread-like structures in the nucleus that contain the genetic information |
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small particles of RNA and proteins found throughout the cytoplasm. They produce proteins |
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endoplasmic reticulum rough ER vs. smooth ER |
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rough ER 1. ribosomes found on its' surface 2. synthesis of proteins to be released out of cell smooth ER 1. ribosomes not found on its' surface 2. collection of enzymes that perform specialized tasks. |
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| function: modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell. |
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1. Breaks down lipids, proteins, and carbs so they can be used 2. breaks down used up parts of the cell so they can be disposed of. |
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| open space for storage of materials within the cell |
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organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. (inherited entirely through the mother) |
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| organelles that capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. |
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| The genetic coding located inside the organelles (different from the overall cell DNA) |
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| 1838, German Scientist who determined what a plant cell actually was like |
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| observed tiny microorganisms using simple microscope |
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| 1665, used compound microscope to observe cork and saw "cells" |
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