Term
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Definition
| experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner |
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Term
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Definition
| when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response |
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Term
| unconditioned stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| something that reliably produces a naturally occuring reaction in an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| a stimulus that is initally neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism |
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Term
| conditioned response (CR) |
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Definition
| a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus |
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Term
| second-order conditioning |
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Definition
| conditioning where the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a CS. |
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Term
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Definition
| the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinciton after a rest period |
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Definition
| a process in which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition. |
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Term
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Definition
| the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli |
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Definition
| the CS followed immediately by the US. |
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Term
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Definition
| There is a brief interval of time between the CS and the US |
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Term
| The area of the brain that is critial for emotional conditioning |
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Definition
the Amygdala
PARTICULARLY the central nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future. |
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Term
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Definition
| the principe that behaviors that are followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated and those that produce an "unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior that required an organism to DO something, solve a problem, or otherwise manipulate elements of its' environment |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| any stimulus or event that functions to increase the lielihood of the behavior that led to it. |
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Term
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Definition
| any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it. |
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Term
The Skinner box
(Operant chamber)
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Definition
| allows a researcher to study the behavior of small organisms in a controlled environment |
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Term
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Definition
| a rewarding stimulus is presented |
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Term
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Definition
| an unpleasant stimulus is removed |
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Term
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Definition
| an unpleasant stimulus is administered |
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Term
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Definition
| a rewarding stimulus is removed |
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Term
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Definition
things that help satisfy biological needs
(food, comfort, shelter) |
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Term
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Definition
| derives effectiveness from their associations with primary reinforcers through classical conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| circumstances when external reqrds can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior. |
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Term
| fixed interval schedule (FI) |
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Definition
| an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcements are presented t fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made. |
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Term
| variable interval schedule (VI) |
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Definition
| An operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement. |
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Term
| fixed ratio schedule (FR) |
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Definition
| an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made. |
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Term
| variable ratio schedule (VR) |
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Definition
| an operant conditioning principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses. |
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Term
| intermittent reinforcement |
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Definition
| An operant conditiong principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement. |
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Term
| two most important schedules of reinforcement |
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Definition
| interval schedules and ration schedules |
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Term
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Definition
| based on time intervals between reinforcements |
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Term
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Definition
| based on the ratio of responses to reinforcements |
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Term
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Definition
| presenting reinforcement after EACH response |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior that gets incrementally closer to the overall desired behavior |
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Term
| intermittent-reinforcement effect |
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Definition
| the fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinctino better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior |
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Term
| two phenomena that strongly suggest that simple stimulus-response interpretations of operat learning behavior are inadequate |
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Definition
| latent learning and cognitive maps |
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Term
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Definition
| something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavaioral change until sometime in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| a mental representation of the physical features of the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| particularly found in the limbic system, these brain areas produce what appears to be intense positive experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
a pathway that meanders its way from the midbrain through the hypothalamus into the nucleus accumbens.
The neurons here are most susceptible to stimulation that produces pleasure. |
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Term
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Definition
| the neurons all along the pathway and those in the nucleus accumbens itself that secrete the neurotransmitter dopamine. |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which individuals initally learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior, and then serve as a model from which other individuals learn the behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of cell found in the brains of primates that fire when an animal performs an action, such as when a monkey reaches for a food item. Also fire when an animal watches someone ELSE perform the same specific task. |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that takes place largely without awareness of the process of th products of information acquisition |
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Term
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Definition
| a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in response |
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