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| something that naturally triggers a response |
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| Organism learns to associate 2 stimuli it doesn't control and thus anticipate events |
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| associate responses and consequences, a behavior that operates on environment producing rewards or punishments |
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| Initial stage when one makes the connection between a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus so that the stimulus triggers a conditioned response |
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| Conditioned stimulus in one experience is paired with a neutral stimulus, creating another conditioned stimulus |
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| Associate events that occur in sequence, even simple animals can learn simple associations between stimuli This type of learning knowing as associative learning |
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| Classic or operant: associating two stimuli by sequence |
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| Classical conditioning was first explored by russian psychologist Palvolv. |
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| Urged psychologists to disregard mental concepts in favor of studying observable behavior |
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| Palvolv's classic experiment |
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| Tone (conditioned stimulus) sounded before food (unconditioned stimulus) and dog salivates (unconditioned response) eventually the dog will salivate at hearing the tone making it a conditioned response |
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| Optimal interval between neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus |
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| Operant conditioning procedure which reinforces guide behavior towards the targets behavior through successive approximations. For ex. teaching rats to sniff for mines |
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| Behavioral chaining, is a series of related behaviors each of which provides the cue for the next and the last that produces a reinforcer. Ie. first putting food at the end of small part of obstacle course (a link in the chain) then make them do that and the next one for food. then 3 for food. until you finish the entire chain for food |
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| Any event that strengthens the behavior that follows it |
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| Receiving a paycheck, getting a hug, etc. |
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| removing an aversive stimulus, fastening seatbelt to turn off beeping |
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| Reinforcing using biological needs/stimulus like food, drink, sex, warmth |
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| Learned reinforcer that gets its reinforced power through association with the primary reinforcer, rewards like grades or money |
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| Reinforced the desired response each time it occurs |
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| Higher-Order Conditioning |
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| Procedure in which an established conditioned stimulus in one experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example an animal might learn that a tone will bring food, in higher order it will then also realize a light comes before a tone and begin responding to the light alone. aka second-order conditioning |
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| Diminishing of a conditioned response, occurs in classical conditioning when US doesn't follow CS. Occurs in operant when a response is no longer reinforced (rewarded or punished) |
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| Reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a pause |
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| Tendency once a response has been conditioned, to respond to stimulus similar to conditioned stimulus and elicit similar responses |
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| Ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. |
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| Behavior that occurs as automatic response |
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| Type of learning in which behavior is strengthened when followed by a reinforcer or diminished when followed by a punishment |
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| Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
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| Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and unfavorable consequences less likely |
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| Chamber containing bar or key that can be manipulated into giving animal food or water (reinforcer) |
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| stimulus that gains reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcer aka secondary reinforcer |
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| Reinforcing response only part of the time, results in slower acquisition but less extinction |
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| In operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforced after specified number of responses. Buy ten coffee get one free |
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| Reinforces after unpredictable number of responses. ie. fishing and slot machines |
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| Reinforces only after specified amount of TIME has elapsed, ie. tuesday discounts, a week has elapsed or checking mail more frequently around time the mailman comes |
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| reinforces response at unpredictable time intervals, ie. check emails and eventually you'll get one |
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| Administer aversive stimulus, ie. spanking, ticket |
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| Withdraw desirable stimulus, time-out from privileges, revoke drivers liscense |
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| Mental representation of environment, for example a rat memorizing a maze therefore learned cognitive map |
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| Learning occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
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| desire to perform a behavior effectively for own sake |
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| desire to perform behavior to receive a promised reward or avoid threat of punishment |
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| Main difference between operant an classical |
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| in classical organisms learn associations between events it doesn't control and the response is automatic whereas in operant it learns associations between its behavior and resulting events, the response is voluntary and operates on environment |
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| Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
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| Two Basic Forms of Learning |
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| Associative and Observational. |
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| best known for studying observational behavior |
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