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Definition
| therapists ask clients to imagine past events |
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Definition
| therapists use hypnosis to "return" clients to the psychological state of childhood |
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Term
| Dissociative identity disorder |
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Definition
| characterized by the existence of "alter" personalities, or alters. |
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Definition
| retention of information over time |
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Term
| Suggestive memory techniques |
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Definition
| procedures that encourage patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place |
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Definition
| false but subjectively compelling memory (ex. optical illusions) |
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| memory in which we see ourselves as an outside observer would |
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Definition
| Seeing the world through your visual field |
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| subdivides memory into sensory, short-term and long-term memory |
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Definition
| how much information a memory system can retain |
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Definition
| length of time for which a memory system can retain information |
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Definition
| brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short-term memory |
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Definition
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| memory system that retains information |
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| photographic memory, these people can supposedly hold a visual image in their minds with such clarity that they can describe it perfectly |
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Term
| What is another name for short-term memory? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long do psychologists short-term memory to be? |
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Definition
| no longer than 20 seconds |
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Term
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Definition
| fading of information from memory |
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Definition
| loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information |
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Term
| What are the two types of inhibition? |
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Definition
| retroactive inhibition and proactive inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
| interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information |
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Definition
| interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of information |
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Term
| What is the digit span of most adults? |
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Definition
| between 5 and 9, with an average of 7 |
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Term
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Definition
| the span of short-term memory, according to George Miller: seven plus or minus two pieces of information |
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Term
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Definition
| organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| depth of transforming information which influences how easily we remember it |
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Term
According to the levels-of-processing model, what are the three levels of processing verbal information?
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Definition
-Visual
-Phonological (sound related)
-Semantic (meaning-related) |
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Term
| What type of processing of verbal information is most effective? |
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Definition
| Semantic and deeper levels, they produce long-term memories |
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Term
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Definition
| sustained (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts experiences, and skills |
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Term
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Definition
| type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to remember words a the beginning of a list especially well |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to remember distinctive stimuli better than less distinctive stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| graph depicting the effect of both primacy and recency on people's ability to recall items on a list |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge of facts about the world |
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Definition
| recollection of events in our lives |
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Definition
| memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness |
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Definition
| memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously (ex: don't have to think about unlocking your door, you just do it.) |
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Definition
| memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits |
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Term
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Definition
| our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we've encountered similar stimuli ...it is implicit memory |
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Term
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Definition
| process of getting information into our memory banks. No encoding, NO MEMORY. |
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Term
| Who is the coolest girl you know? |
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Definition
| Miss Kate Victoria Stymiest |
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Term
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Definition
| a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall |
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Term
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Definition
| used to recall lists of words, after you memorize the peg word (one is a bun) you create an image that associates the word you want to remember with the peg word (ex. 3 is a tree...with a hippo camping under it.... Hippocampus) |
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Term
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Definition
| relies on images of places/locations. Associate things you have to remember with a familiar route |
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Term
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Definition
Thinking of an English word (keyword) that reminds you of the word you're trying to remember.
Ex.. you want to remember casa in spanish so you think of case (sounds like casa a bit) and house (which is what casa means) so you'd think of a case of "soda" on the roof of your house |
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Term
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Definition
| can't remember what the person directly before you said/did because you are not paying attention as you are preoccupied thinking of what you were going to do/say |
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Definition
| process of keeping information in memory |
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Definition
| organized knowledge or mental model that we've stored in memory |
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Definition
| reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores |
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Definition
| hints that make it easier for us to recall information |
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Term
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Definition
| generating previously remembered information (ex: essay test) |
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Term
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Definition
| selecting previously remember information from an array of options (ex: multiple choice test) |
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Term
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Definition
| reacquiring knowledge that we'd previously learned but largely forgotten over time |
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Term
| distributed versus massed practice |
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Definition
| studying information in small increments over time (distributed) versus in large increments over a brief amount of time (massed) |
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Term
| What is more effective, distributed or massed practice learning? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon |
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Definition
| The experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it |
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Term
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Definition
| the phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it |
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Term
| context-dependent learning |
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Definition
superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context
(ex: when they showed divers words on land/under water, they recalled them best in the location where they were shown the words) |
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Term
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Definition
| superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding |
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Term
| mood-dependent learning example |
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Definition
| studies show that people find it easier to recall unpleasant memories than pleasant ones when they are sad vs when they are happy |
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Term
| Long-term potentiation (LTP) |
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Definition
| gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of memories from our past |
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Definition
| inability to encode new memories from our experiences |
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Term
| What brain structure is critical to memory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does damage to the hippocampus do? |
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Definition
| It impairs explicit memory, but leaves implicit memory intact. |
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Term
| Where are the emotional components of memories stored? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a decrease in attention to familiar stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations |
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Term
| What are the three memory changes over time? |
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Definition
-Over time, children's memories become increasingly more sophisticated
-our conceptual understanding increases with age
-Over time children develop enhanced meta-memory skills |
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Term
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Definition
| inability of adults to remember personal experiences that took place before an early age |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional memories that are extraordinarily vivid and detailed |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to identify the origins of a memory |
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Term
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Definition
| failure to recognize our ideas originated with someone else |
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Term
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Definition
| creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about and event after it takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| when a crime involves a weapon, people tend to focus on the weapon rather than the perpetrators appearance |
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Term
| What are the 7 sins of memory? |
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Definition
1. Suggestibility (suggestions make us think something occurred)
2. Misattribution (misattributing memories to incorrect sources)
3. Bias (schemas bias memories)
4. Transcience (memories fade with time)
5. Persistance (thoughts persist in your mind if they bothered you)
6. Blocking (TOT is an example)
7. Absentmindedness (ex: losing your glasses even though they are on your head) |
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