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Chapter 7
How memory operates, the 3 stages of memory, the biology of memory, the development of memory, when good memory goes bad
87
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/13/2010

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Cards

Term
Guided imagery
Definition
therapists ask clients to imagine past events
Term
Hypnotic age regression
Definition
therapists use hypnosis to "return" clients to the psychological state of childhood
Term
Dissociative identity disorder
Definition
characterized by the existence of "alter" personalities, or alters. 
Term
Memory
Definition
retention of information over time
Term
Suggestive memory techniques
Definition
procedures that encourage patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place 
Term
Memory illusion
Definition
false but subjectively compelling memory (ex. optical illusions)
Term
Observer memory
Definition
memory in which we see ourselves as an outside observer would
Term
Field memory
Definition
Seeing the world through your visual field
Term
Three-memory model
Definition
subdivides memory into sensory, short-term and long-term memory
Term
span
Definition
how much information a memory system can retain
Term
duration
Definition
length of time for which a memory system can retain information 
Term
Sensory Memory
Definition
brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short-term memory
Term
Iconic memory
Definition
visual sensory memory
Term
Ethoic memory
Definition
auditory sensory memory
Term
Short-term memory
Definition
memory system that retains information
Term
eidetic imagery
Definition
photographic memory, these people can supposedly hold a visual image in their minds with such clarity that they can describe it perfectly
Term
What is another name for short-term memory?
Definition
working memory
Term
How long do psychologists short-term memory to be?
Definition
no longer than 20 seconds
Term
decay
Definition
fading of information from memory
Term
interference
Definition
loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information
Term
What are the two types of inhibition?
Definition
retroactive inhibition and proactive inhibition 
Term
Retroactive inhibition
Definition
interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information
Term
Proactive Inhibition
Definition
interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of information 
Term
What is the digit span of most adults?
Definition
between 5 and 9, with an average of 7
Term
Magic Number
Definition
the span of short-term memory, according to George Miller: seven plus or minus two pieces of information 
Term
Chunking
Definition
organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short-term memory 
Term
Rehearsal
Definition
repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory
Term
maintenance rehearsal
Definition
repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short-term memory
Term
elaborative rehearsal 
Definition
linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory
Term
levels of processing
Definition
depth of transforming information which influences how easily we remember it
Term

According to the levels-of-processing model, what are the three levels of processing verbal information?

 

Definition

-Visual

-Phonological (sound related)

-Semantic (meaning-related)

Term
What type of processing of verbal information is most effective?
Definition
Semantic and deeper levels, they produce long-term memories
Term
Long-term memory
Definition
sustained (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts experiences, and skills 
Term
Permastore
Definition
type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent 
Term
Primacy effect
Definition
tendency to remember words a the beginning of a list especially well 
Term
recency effect
Definition
tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well 
Term
von Restorff effect
Definition
tendency to remember distinctive stimuli better than less distinctive stimuli
Term
Serial position curve
Definition
graph depicting the effect of both primacy and recency on people's ability to recall items on a list
Term
Semantic memory
Definition
knowledge of facts about the world
Term
episodic memory
Definition
recollection of events in our lives
Term
Explicit memory
Definition
memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness
Term
implicit memory
Definition
memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously (ex: don't have to think about unlocking your door, you just do it.)
Term
Procedural memory
Definition
memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits
Term
Priming
Definition
our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we've encountered similar stimuli ...it is implicit memory 
Term
Encoding
Definition
process of getting information into our memory banks. No encoding, NO MEMORY.  
Term
Who is the coolest girl you know?
Definition
Miss Kate Victoria Stymiest
Term
Mnemonics
Definition
a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall
Term
Pegword Method 
Definition
used to recall lists of words, after you memorize the peg word (one is a bun) you create an image that associates the word you want to remember with the peg word (ex. 3 is a tree...with a hippo camping under it.... Hippocampus)
Term
Method of Loci
Definition
relies on images of places/locations. Associate things you have to remember with a familiar route
Term
Keyword method
Definition

Thinking of an English word (keyword) that reminds you of the word you're trying to remember.

Ex.. you want to remember casa in spanish so you think of case (sounds like casa a bit) and house (which is what casa means) so you'd think of a case of "soda" on the roof of your house

Term
Next-in-line effect
Definition
can't remember what the person directly before you said/did because you are not paying attention as you are preoccupied thinking of what you were going to do/say
Term
Storage
Definition
process of keeping information in memory
Term
Schema
Definition
organized knowledge or mental model that we've stored in memory
Term
Retrieval
Definition
reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores
Term
retrieval cues
Definition
hints that make it easier for us to recall information
Term
Recall
Definition
generating previously remembered information (ex: essay test)
Term
recognition
Definition
selecting previously remember information from an array of options (ex: multiple choice test)
Term
Relearning
Definition
reacquiring knowledge that we'd previously learned but largely forgotten over time
Term
distributed versus massed practice
Definition
studying information in small increments over time (distributed) versus in large increments over a brief amount of time (massed)
Term
What is more effective, distributed or massed practice learning?
Definition
distributed (oh no..)
Term
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Definition
The experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it
Term
Encoding speficificity
Definition
the phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it 
Term
context-dependent learning
Definition

superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context

(ex: when they showed divers words on land/under water, they recalled them best in the location where they were shown the words)

Term
State-dependent learning
Definition
superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding
Term
mood-dependent learning example
Definition
studies show that people find it easier to recall unpleasant memories than pleasant ones when they are sad vs when they are happy
Term
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
Definition
gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation
Term
Retrograde amnesia
Definition
loss of memories from our past
Term
anterograde amnesia
Definition
inability to encode new memories from our experiences
Term
What brain structure is critical to memory?
Definition
The hippocampus
Term
What does damage to the hippocampus do?
Definition
It impairs explicit memory, but leaves implicit memory intact.
Term
Where are the emotional components of memories stored?
Definition
in the amygdala 
Term
Habituation
Definition
a decrease in attention to familiar stimuli
Term
Meta-memory
Definition
knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations
Term
What are the three memory changes over time?
Definition

-Over time, children's memories become increasingly more sophisticated

-our conceptual understanding increases with age

-Over time children develop enhanced meta-memory skills

Term
Infantile amnesia
Definition
inability of adults to remember personal experiences that took place before an early age
Term
Flashbulb memories 
Definition
emotional memories that are extraordinarily vivid and detailed
Term
Source Monitoring
Definition
ability to identify the origins of a memory
Term
Cryptomnesia 
Definition
failure to recognize our ideas originated with someone else 
Term
Misinformation effect
Definition
creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about and event after it takes place 
Term
Weapon focus
Definition
when a crime involves a weapon, people tend to focus on the weapon rather than the perpetrators appearance
Term
What are the 7 sins of memory?
Definition

1. Suggestibility (suggestions make us think something occurred)

2. Misattribution (misattributing memories to incorrect sources)

3. Bias (schemas bias memories)

4. Transcience (memories fade with time)

5. Persistance (thoughts persist in your mind if they bothered you)

6. Blocking (TOT is an example)

7. Absentmindedness (ex: losing your glasses even though they are on your head)

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