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Chapter 7
Language and Intelligent
51
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/06/2010

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Term
Language
Definition
The communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules.
Term
Grammar
Definition
The system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed.
Term
Phonology
Definition
The study of the smallest units of speech, called phonemes.
Term
Phonemes
Definition
The smallest units of speech.
Term
Syntax
Definition
Ways in which words and phrases can be combined to form sentences.
Term
Semantics
Definition
The rules governing the meaning of words and sentences.
Term
Babble
Definition
Meaningless speech-like sounds make by children from around the age of 3 months though 1 year.
Term
Telegraphic speech
Definition
Sentences in which words not critical to the message are left out.
Term
Overgeneralization
Definition
The phenomenon by which children apply language rules even when the application results in an error.
Term
Learning-theory approach (to language development)
Definition
The theory suggesting that language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning.
Term
Native approach (to language development)
Definition
The theory that a genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development.
Term
Universal grammar
Definition
Noam Chomsky's theory that a genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development.
Term
Language-acquisition device
Definition
A neural system if the brain hypothesized by Noam Chomsky to permit understanding of language.
Term
Interactionist approach (to language development)
Definition
The view that language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language.
Term
Linguistic-relativity hypothesis
Definition
The notion that language shapes and may determine the way people in a specific culture perceive and understand the world.
Term
Intelligence
Definition
The capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges.
Term
g or g-factor
Definition
The single, general factor for mental ability assumed to underlie intelligence in some early theories of intelligence.
Term
Fluid intelligence
Definition
Intelligence that reflects information-processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory.
Term
Crystallized intelligence
Definition
The accumulation of information, skills, ad strategies that are learned through experience and can be applied.
Term
Theory of multiple intelligences
Definition
Gardner's intelligence theory that proposes that there are eight distinct spheres of intelligence.
Term
Practical intelligence
Definition
According to Sternberg, intelligence related to overall success in living.
Term
Emotional intelligence
Definition
The set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions.
Term
Intelligence tests
Definition
Tests devised to quantify a person's level of intelligence.
Term
Mental age
Definition
The average age of individuals who achieve a particular level of performance on a test.
Term
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
Definition
A score that takes into account an individual's mental and chronological ages.
Term
Achievement test
Definition
A test designed to determine a person's level of knowledge in a given subject area.
Term
Aptitude test
Definition
A test designed to predict a person's ability in a particular area or line of work.
Term
Reliability
Definition
The property by which tests measure consistently what they are trying to measure.
Term
Validity
Definition
The property by which tests actually measure what they are supposed to measure.
Term
Norms
Definition
Standards of test performance that permit the comparison of one person's score on a test with the scores of other individuals who have taken the same test.
Term
Mental retardation (intellectual disabilities)
Definition
A condition characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills.
Term
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Definition
The most common cause of mental retardation in newborns, occurring when the mother uses alcohol during pregnancy.
Term
Familial retardation
Definition
Mental retardation in which no apparent biological defect exists but there is a history of retardation in the family.
Term
Intellectually gifted
Definition
The 2 to 4 percent of the population who have IQ scores greater than 130.
Term
Culture-fair IQ test
Definition
A test that does not discriminate against the members of any minority group.
Term
Heritability
Definition
A measure of the degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic inherited factors.
Term
Thinking
Definition
The manipulation of mental representation of information.
Term
Mental images
Definition
Representations in the mind the resembles the object or event being represented.
Term
Concepts
Definition
Categorizations of objects, events, or people that share common properties.
Term
Algorithm
Definition
A rule that, if applied appropriately, guarantees a solution to a problem.
Term
Heuristic
Definition
A cognitive shortcut that may lead to a solution.
Term
Prototypes
Definition
Typical, highly representative examples of concepts.
Term
Means-ends analysis
Definition
Repeated testing for differences between the desired outcome and what currently exists.
Term
Insight
Definition
A sudden awareness of the relationships among various elements that had previously appeared to be independent of one another.
Term
Functional fixedness
Definition
The tendency to think of an object only in terms of its typical use.
Term
Mental set
Definition
The tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist.
Term
Confirmation bias
Definition
The tendency to favor information that supports one's initial hypotheses and ignore contradictory information that supports alternative hypotheses or solutions.
Term
Creativity
Definition
The ability to generate original ideas or sole problems in novel ways.
Term
Divergent thinking
Definition
The ability to generate unusual, yet nonetheless appropriate, responses to problems or questions.
Term
Convergent thinking
Definition
The ability to produce responses that are based primarily on knowledge and logic.
Term
Convergent thinking
Definition
The ability to produce responses that are based primarily on knowledge and logic.
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