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Chapter 7
vocab
36
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
04/06/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Habituation
Definition
learning to respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus
Term
Mere exposure effect
Definition
a learned preference fo stimuli to which we hace been previously exposed
Term
Behavioral learning
Definition
forms of learning, such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning, that can be described in terms of stimuli and responses
Term
Classical conditioning
Definition
a form of behavioral learning in which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the power to elicit the same innate reflex produced by another stimulus
Term
neutral stimulus
Definition
any stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning. When it is brought into conditioning experiment the researcher will call it a conditioned stimulus (CS)
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Definition
in classical conditioning, it is the stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response
Term
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Definition
in classical conditioning it is the response that elicits an unconditioned response
Term
Conditioned response
Definition
a response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus
Term
Extinction
Definition
the weakening of a conditioned response in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus
Term
Spontaneous recovery
Definition
the reappearance of an extinguished conditional response after a time delay
Term
Stimulus discrimination
Definition
learning to respond to a particular stimulus but not to others that are similar
Term
Stimulus generalization
Definition
the extension of a learned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
Term
Experimental neurosis
Definition
a pattern of erratic behavior resulting from a demanding discrimination learning task, typically one that involves aversive stimuli
Term
Operant conditioning
Definition
a form of behavioral learning in which the probability of a response is changed by its consequences
Term
Law of effect
Definition
the idea that responses that produced desirable results would be learned or "stamped" into organisms
Term
reinforcer
Definition
a condition (involving either the presentation or removal of a stimulus) that occurs after a response and strengthens that response
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
a stimulus presented after a response and increasing the probability of that response happening again
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
the removal of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus, contingent on a particular behavior
Term
Operant chamber
Definition
a boxlike apparatus that can be programmed to deliver reinforcers and punishers contingent on an animal's behavior
Term
reinforcement contingencies
Definition
relationships between a response and the changes in stimulation that follow the response
Term
continuous reinforcement
Definition
a type of reinforcement schedule by which all correct responses are reinforced
Term
shaping
Definition
an operant learning technique which a new behavior is produced by reinforcing responses that are similar to the desired response
Term
intermittent reinforcement
Definition
a type of reinforcement schedule by which some but not all correct responses are reinforced also called partial reinforcement
Term
schedule of reinforcement
Definition
a program specifying the frequency and timing of reinforcements
Term
ratio schedule
Definition
a program by which reinforcement depends on the time interval elapsed since the last reinforcement
Term
interval schedule
Definition
a program by which reinforcement is contingent on a certain, unvarying number of responses
Term
fixed ratio (FR) schedule
Definition
a program by which reinforcement is contingent on a certain, unvarying number of responses
Term
variable ratio (VR) schedule
Definition
a reinforcement program by which the number of responses required for a reinforcement varies from trial to trial
Term
Primary reinforcer
Definition
a reinforcer such as food or sex that has an innate basis because of its biological value to an organism
Term
Condition reinforcer
Definition
a stimulus such as money or token, that acquires its reinforcing power by a learned association primary reinforces
Term
Instinctive drift
Definition
the tendency of an organism's innate (instinctive) responses to interfere with learned behavior
Term
tolken economy
Definition
a therapeutic method based on operant conditioning by which individuals are rewarded with tokens which act as secondary reinforcers
Term
Premack principle
Definition
the concept developed by David Premack, that a more-preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity
Term
Punishment
Definition
an aversive consequence which occurring after a response diminishes the strength of that response
Term
Positive punishment
Definition
the application of an aversive stimulus after a response
Term
negative punishment
Definition
the removal of an attractive stimulus after a response
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